FIGURE 1
( A ) A schematic…
FIGURE 1
( A ) A schematic representation of the setup used for ultrasound application…
FIGURE 1(A) A schematic representation of the setup used for ultrasound application to cell suspension. (B) A schematic representation of the setup used for acoustic spectroscopy.
FIGURE 1
( A ) A schematic…
FIGURE 1
( A ) A schematic representation of the setup used for ultrasound application…
FIGURE 1(A) A schematic representation of the setup used for ultrasound application to cell suspension. (B) A schematic representation of the setup used for acoustic spectroscopy.
FIGURE 2
( A ) Variation of…
FIGURE 2
( A ) Variation of cell viability ( V ) with ultrasound energy…
FIGURE 2(A) Variation of cell viability (V) with ultrasound energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. (B) Variation of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport (T) with ultrasound energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 2
( A ) Variation of…
FIGURE 2
( A ) Variation of cell viability ( V ) with ultrasound energy…
FIGURE 2(A) Variation of cell viability (V) with ultrasound energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. (B) Variation of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport (T) with ultrasound energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 3
Variation of cell viability (…
FIGURE 3
Variation of cell viability ( V ) with broadband energy density at four…
FIGURE 3Variation of cell viability (V) with broadband energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. Broadband energy density was calculated using the equation Ebb = Pbb2t/ρc where Pbb is the amplitude of broadband noise (bar), ρ is water density (1000 kg/m3), c is speed of sound in water (1500 m/s), and t is application time.
FIGURE 4
Variation of cell population fraction…
FIGURE 4
Variation of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport ( T ) with broadband…
FIGURE 4Variation of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport (T) with broadband energy density, Ebb, at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 5
Variation of the ratio of…
FIGURE 5
Variation of the ratio of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport to viable…
FIGURE 5Variation of the ratio of cell population fraction exhibiting calcein transport to viable cell fraction (T/V) with broadband energy density, Ebb, at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 6
( A ) Variation of…
FIGURE 6
( A ) Variation of the cell viability ( V ) with subharmonic…
FIGURE 6(A) Variation of the cell viability (V) with subharmonic energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. Subharmonic energy density was calculated using the equation Esh = Psh2t/ρc, where Psh is the amplitude of subharmonic amplitude (bar), ρ is water density (1000 kg/m3), c is speed of sound in water (1500 m/s), and t is application time. (B) Variation of the fraction of cells exhibiting calcein transport (T) with subharmonic energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 6
( A ) Variation of…
FIGURE 6
( A ) Variation of the cell viability ( V ) with subharmonic…
FIGURE 6(A) Variation of the cell viability (V) with subharmonic energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. Subharmonic energy density was calculated using the equation Esh = Psh2t/ρc, where Psh is the amplitude of subharmonic amplitude (bar), ρ is water density (1000 kg/m3), c is speed of sound in water (1500 m/s), and t is application time. (B) Variation of the fraction of cells exhibiting calcein transport (T) with subharmonic energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions.
FIGURE 7
( A – D )…
FIGURE 7
( A – D ) Experimental data on viability of 3T3 cells at…
FIGURE 7(A–D) Experimental data on viability of 3T3 cells at four frequencies and various energy densities between 0 and 150 J/cm2 (A: 93 kHz, B: 76 kHz, C: 57 kHz, and D: 20 kHz). ○ corresponds to transport fraction and • corresponds to viability. Error bars correspond to standard deviation (based on at least four repetitions). Lines correspond to fits of Eq. 13 for viability data and Eq. 14 for transport data. Eqs. 13 and 14 fitted to viability and transport data with average r2 values of 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. The estimated errors in fitted parameters (λκ and μκ) were lower than 20%.
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