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Showing content from https://planetmath.org/GermOfSmoothFunctions below:

germ of smooth functions

If x is a point on a smooth manifold M , then a germ of smooth functions near x is represented by a pair ( U , f ) where U βŠ† M is an open neighbourhood of x , and f is a smooth function U β†’ ℝ . Two such pairs ( U , f ) and ( V , g ) are considered equivalent if there is a third open neighbourhood W of x , contained in both U and V , such that f | W = g | W . To be precise, a germ of smooth functions near x is an equivalence class of such pairs.

In more fancy language: the set π’ͺ x of germs at x is the stalk at x of the sheaf π’ͺ of smooth functions on M . It is clearly an ℝ -algebra.

Germs are useful for defining the tangent space T x ⁒ M in a coordinate-free manner: it is simply the space of all ℝ -linear maps X : π’ͺ x β†’ ℝ satisfying Leibniz’ rule X ⁒ ( f ⁒ g ) = X ⁒ ( f ) ⁒ g + f ⁒ X ⁒ ( g ) . (Such a map is called an ℝ -linear derivation of π’ͺ x with values in ℝ .)

Title germ of smooth functions Canonical name GermOfSmoothFunctions Date of creation 2013-03-22 13:05:08 Last modified on 2013-03-22 13:05:08 Owner rspuzio (6075) Last modified by rspuzio (6075) Numerical id 4 Author rspuzio (6075) Entry type Definition Classification msc 53B99

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