Read a comma-separated values (csv) file into DataFrame.
Also supports optionally iterating or breaking of the file into chunks.
Additional help can be found in the online docs for IO Tools.
Any valid string path is acceptable. The string could be a URL. Valid URL schemes include http, ftp, s3, gs, and file. For file URLs, a host is expected. A local file could be: file://localhost/path/to/table.csv.
If you want to pass in a path object, pandas accepts any os.PathLike.
By file-like object, we refer to objects with a read() method, such as a file handle (e.g. via builtin open function) or StringIO.
Character or regex pattern to treat as the delimiter. If sep=None, the C engine cannot automatically detect the separator, but the Python parsing engine can, meaning the latter will be used and automatically detect the separator from only the first valid row of the file by Pythonâs builtin sniffer tool, csv.Sniffer. In addition, separators longer than 1 character and different from '\s+' will be interpreted as regular expressions and will also force the use of the Python parsing engine. Note that regex delimiters are prone to ignoring quoted data. Regex example: '\r\t'.
Alias for sep.
Row number(s) containing column labels and marking the start of the data (zero-indexed). Default behavior is to infer the column names: if no names are passed the behavior is identical to header=0 and column names are inferred from the first line of the file, if column names are passed explicitly to names then the behavior is identical to header=None. Explicitly pass header=0 to be able to replace existing names. The header can be a list of integers that specify row locations for a MultiIndex on the columns e.g. [0, 1, 3]. Intervening rows that are not specified will be skipped (e.g. 2 in this example is skipped). Note that this parameter ignores commented lines and empty lines if skip_blank_lines=True, so header=0 denotes the first line of data rather than the first line of the file.
Sequence of column labels to apply. If the file contains a header row, then you should explicitly pass header=0 to override the column names. Duplicates in this list are not allowed.
Column(s) to use as row label(s), denoted either by column labels or column indices. If a sequence of labels or indices is given, MultiIndex will be formed for the row labels.
Note: index_col=False can be used to force pandas to not use the first column as the index, e.g., when you have a malformed file with delimiters at the end of each line.
Subset of columns to select, denoted either by column labels or column indices. If list-like, all elements must either be positional (i.e. integer indices into the document columns) or strings that correspond to column names provided either by the user in names or inferred from the document header row(s). If names are given, the document header row(s) are not taken into account. For example, a valid list-like usecols parameter would be [0, 1, 2] or ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']. Element order is ignored, so usecols=[0, 1] is the same as [1, 0]. To instantiate a DataFrame from data with element order preserved use pd.read_csv(data, usecols=['foo', 'bar'])[['foo', 'bar']] for columns in ['foo', 'bar'] order or pd.read_csv(data, usecols=['foo', 'bar'])[['bar', 'foo']] for ['bar', 'foo'] order.
If callable, the callable function will be evaluated against the column names, returning names where the callable function evaluates to True. An example of a valid callable argument would be lambda x: x.upper() in ['AAA', 'BBB', 'DDD']. Using this parameter results in much faster parsing time and lower memory usage.
Data type(s) to apply to either the whole dataset or individual columns. E.g., {'a': np.float64, 'b': np.int32, 'c': 'Int64'} Use str or object together with suitable na_values settings to preserve and not interpret dtype. If converters are specified, they will be applied INSTEAD of dtype conversion.
Added in version 1.5.0: Support for defaultdict was added. Specify a defaultdict as input where the default determines the dtype of the columns which are not explicitly listed.
Parser engine to use. The C and pyarrow engines are faster, while the python engine is currently more feature-complete. Multithreading is currently only supported by the pyarrow engine.
Added in version 1.4.0: The âpyarrowâ engine was added as an experimental engine, and some features are unsupported, or may not work correctly, with this engine.
Functions for converting values in specified columns. Keys can either be column labels or column indices.
Values to consider as True in addition to case-insensitive variants of âTrueâ.
Values to consider as False in addition to case-insensitive variants of âFalseâ.
Skip spaces after delimiter.
Line numbers to skip (0-indexed) or number of lines to skip (int) at the start of the file.
If callable, the callable function will be evaluated against the row indices, returning True if the row should be skipped and False otherwise. An example of a valid callable argument would be lambda x: x in [0, 2].
Number of lines at bottom of file to skip (Unsupported with engine='c').
Number of rows of file to read. Useful for reading pieces of large files.
Additional strings to recognize as NA/NaN. If dict passed, specific per-column NA values. By default the following values are interpreted as NaN: â â, â#N/Aâ, â#N/A N/Aâ, â#NAâ, â-1.#INDâ, â-1.#QNANâ, â-NaNâ, â-nanâ, â1.#INDâ, â1.#QNANâ, â<NA>â, âN/Aâ, âNAâ, âNULLâ, âNaNâ, âNoneâ, ân/aâ, ânanâ, ânull â.
Whether or not to include the default NaN values when parsing the data. Depending on whether na_values is passed in, the behavior is as follows:
If keep_default_na is True, and na_values are specified, na_values is appended to the default NaN values used for parsing.
If keep_default_na is True, and na_values are not specified, only the default NaN values are used for parsing.
If keep_default_na is False, and na_values are specified, only the NaN values specified na_values are used for parsing.
If keep_default_na is False, and na_values are not specified, no strings will be parsed as NaN.
Note that if na_filter is passed in as False, the keep_default_na and na_values parameters will be ignored.
Detect missing value markers (empty strings and the value of na_values). In data without any NA values, passing na_filter=False can improve the performance of reading a large file.
Indicate number of NA values placed in non-numeric columns.
Deprecated since version 2.2.0.
If True, skip over blank lines rather than interpreting as NaN values.
The behavior is as follows:
bool. If True -> try parsing the index. Note: Automatically set to True if date_format or date_parser arguments have been passed.
list of int or names. e.g. If [1, 2, 3] -> try parsing columns 1, 2, 3 each as a separate date column.
list of list. e.g. If [[1, 3]] -> combine columns 1 and 3 and parse as a single date column. Values are joined with a space before parsing.
dict, e.g. {'foo' : [1, 3]} -> parse columns 1, 3 as date and call result âfooâ. Values are joined with a space before parsing.
If a column or index cannot be represented as an array of datetime, say because of an unparsable value or a mixture of timezones, the column or index will be returned unaltered as an object data type. For non-standard datetime parsing, use to_datetime() after read_csv().
Note: A fast-path exists for iso8601-formatted dates.
If True and parse_dates is enabled, pandas will attempt to infer the format of the datetime strings in the columns, and if it can be inferred, switch to a faster method of parsing them. In some cases this can increase the parsing speed by 5-10x.
Deprecated since version 2.0.0: A strict version of this argument is now the default, passing it has no effect.
If True and parse_dates specifies combining multiple columns then keep the original columns.
Function to use for converting a sequence of string columns to an array of datetime instances. The default uses dateutil.parser.parser to do the conversion. pandas will try to call date_parser in three different ways, advancing to the next if an exception occurs: 1) Pass one or more arrays (as defined by parse_dates) as arguments; 2) concatenate (row-wise) the string values from the columns defined by parse_dates into a single array and pass that; and 3) call date_parser once for each row using one or more strings (corresponding to the columns defined by parse_dates) as arguments.
Deprecated since version 2.0.0: Use date_format instead, or read in as object and then apply to_datetime() as-needed.
Format to use for parsing dates when used in conjunction with parse_dates. The strftime to parse time, e.g. "%d/%m/%Y". See strftime documentation for more information on choices, though note that "%f" will parse all the way up to nanoseconds. You can also pass:
time string (not necessarily in exactly the same format);
and you should probably use it along with dayfirst.
Added in version 2.0.0.
DD/MM format dates, international and European format.
If True, use a cache of unique, converted dates to apply the datetime conversion. May produce significant speed-up when parsing duplicate date strings, especially ones with timezone offsets.
Return TextFileReader object for iteration or getting chunks with get_chunk().
Number of lines to read from the file per chunk. Passing a value will cause the function to return a TextFileReader object for iteration. See the IO Tools docs for more information on iterator and chunksize.
For on-the-fly decompression of on-disk data. If âinferâ and âfilepath_or_bufferâ is path-like, then detect compression from the following extensions: â.gzâ, â.bz2â, â.zipâ, â.xzâ, â.zstâ, â.tarâ, â.tar.gzâ, â.tar.xzâ or â.tar.bz2â (otherwise no compression). If using âzipâ or âtarâ, the ZIP file must contain only one data file to be read in. Set to None for no decompression. Can also be a dict with key 'method' set to one of {'zip', 'gzip', 'bz2', 'zstd', 'xz', 'tar'} and other key-value pairs are forwarded to zipfile.ZipFile, gzip.GzipFile, bz2.BZ2File, zstandard.ZstdDecompressor, lzma.LZMAFile or tarfile.TarFile, respectively. As an example, the following could be passed for Zstandard decompression using a custom compression dictionary: compression={'method': 'zstd', 'dict_data': my_compression_dict}.
Added in version 1.5.0: Added support for .tar files.
Changed in version 1.4.0: Zstandard support.
Character acting as the thousands separator in numerical values.
Character to recognize as decimal point (e.g., use â,â for European data).
Character used to denote a line break. Only valid with C parser.
Character used to denote the start and end of a quoted item. Quoted items can include the delimiter and it will be ignored.
Control field quoting behavior per csv.QUOTE_* constants. Default is csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL (i.e., 0) which implies that only fields containing special characters are quoted (e.g., characters defined in quotechar, delimiter, or lineterminator.
When quotechar is specified and quoting is not QUOTE_NONE, indicate whether or not to interpret two consecutive quotechar elements INSIDE a field as a single quotechar element.
Character used to escape other characters.
Character indicating that the remainder of line should not be parsed. If found at the beginning of a line, the line will be ignored altogether. This parameter must be a single character. Like empty lines (as long as skip_blank_lines=True), fully commented lines are ignored by the parameter header but not by skiprows. For example, if comment='#', parsing #empty\na,b,c\n1,2,3 with header=0 will result in 'a,b,c' being treated as the header.
Encoding to use for UTF when reading/writing (ex. 'utf-8'). List of Python standard encodings .
How encoding errors are treated. List of possible values .
Added in version 1.3.0.
If provided, this parameter will override values (default or not) for the following parameters: delimiter, doublequote, escapechar, skipinitialspace, quotechar, and quoting. If it is necessary to override values, a ParserWarning will be issued. See csv.Dialect documentation for more details.
Specifies what to do upon encountering a bad line (a line with too many fields). Allowed values are :
'error', raise an Exception when a bad line is encountered.
'warn', raise a warning when a bad line is encountered and skip that line.
'skip', skip bad lines without raising or warning when they are encountered.
Added in version 1.3.0.
Added in version 1.4.0:
Callable, function with signature (bad_line: list[str]) -> list[str] | None that will process a single bad line. bad_line is a list of strings split by the sep. If the function returns None, the bad line will be ignored. If the function returns a new list of strings with more elements than expected, a ParserWarning will be emitted while dropping extra elements. Only supported when engine='python'
Changed in version 2.2.0:
Callable, function with signature as described in pyarrow documentation when engine='pyarrow'
Specifies whether or not whitespace (e.g. ' ' or '\t') will be used as the sep delimiter. Equivalent to setting sep='\s+'. If this option is set to True, nothing should be passed in for the delimiter parameter.
Deprecated since version 2.2.0: Use sep="\s+" instead.
Internally process the file in chunks, resulting in lower memory use while parsing, but possibly mixed type inference. To ensure no mixed types either set False, or specify the type with the dtype parameter. Note that the entire file is read into a single DataFrame regardless, use the chunksize or iterator parameter to return the data in chunks. (Only valid with C parser).
If a filepath is provided for filepath_or_buffer, map the file object directly onto memory and access the data directly from there. Using this option can improve performance because there is no longer any I/O overhead.
Specifies which converter the C engine should use for floating-point values. The options are None or 'high' for the ordinary converter, 'legacy' for the original lower precision pandas converter, and 'round_trip' for the round-trip converter.
Extra options that make sense for a particular storage connection, e.g. host, port, username, password, etc. For HTTP(S) URLs the key-value pairs are forwarded to urllib.request.Request as header options. For other URLs (e.g. starting with âs3://â, and âgcs://â) the key-value pairs are forwarded to fsspec.open. Please see fsspec and urllib for more details, and for more examples on storage options refer here.
Back-end data type applied to the resultant DataFrame (still experimental). Behaviour is as follows:
"numpy_nullable": returns nullable-dtype-backed DataFrame (default).
"pyarrow": returns pyarrow-backed nullable ArrowDtype DataFrame.
Added in version 2.0.
A comma-separated values (csv) file is returned as two-dimensional data structure with labeled axes.
See also
DataFrame.to_csv
Write DataFrame to a comma-separated values (csv) file.
read_table
Read general delimited file into DataFrame.
read_fwf
Read a table of fixed-width formatted lines into DataFrame.
Examples
>>> pd.read_csv('data.csv')
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