Let be a regular surface with points in the tangent space of . For , the second fundamental form is the symmetric bilinear form on the tangent space ,
(1)
where is the shape operator. The second fundamental form satisfies
(2)
for any nonzero tangent vector.
The second fundamental form is given explicitly by
(3)
where
and are the direction cosines of the surface normal. The second fundamental form can also be written
where is the normal vector, is a regular patch, and and are the partial derivatives of with respect to parameters and , respectively, or
See alsoFirst Fundamental Form,
Fundamental Forms,
Shape Operator,
Third Fundamental Form Explore with Wolfram|Alpha ReferencesGray, A. "The Three Fundamental Forms." ยง16.6 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 380-382, 1997. Referenced on Wolfram|AlphaSecond Fundamental Form Cite this as:Weisstein, Eric W. "Second Fundamental Form." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SecondFundamentalForm.html
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