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SQL Structure | MariaDB Documentation

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  • Basics
    • A MariaDB Primer
    • Basic Queries
    • Basic SQL Debugging
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    • Commonly Used Queries
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  • Connecting
    • Connecting to MariaDB Server
    • Fixing Connection Issues
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  • Data Handling
    • Adding and Changing Data in MariaDB
    • Doing Time with MariaDB
    • Getting Data from MariaDB
    • Importing Data into MariaDB
  • Backup & Restore
    • Backup and Restore Overview
    • Backup and Restore with MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Backup Optimization
      • Forming a Backup Strategy
      • MariaDB Enterprise Backup
    • mariadb-backup
      • mariadb-backup Overview
      • mariadb-backup Options
      • Full Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Incremental Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Partial Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Restoring Individual Tables and Partitions with mariadb-backup
      • Setting up a Replica with mariadb-backup
      • Files Backed Up By mariadb-backup
      • Files Created by mariadb-backup
      • Using Encryption and Compression Tools With mariadb-backup
      • How mariadb-backup Works
      • mariadb-backup and BACKUP STAGE Commands
      • Individual Database Restores with mariadb-backup from Full Backup
    • Replication as a Backup Solution
    • Backup and Restore via dbForge Studio
  • Tables
    • Altering Tables in MariaDB
    • Joining Tables with JOIN
    • Indexes
    • Views
    • Copying Tables Between Databases and Servers
  • Partitioning Tables
    • Partitioning Overview
    • Partition Pruning and Selection
    • Partition Maintenance
    • Partitioning Types
      • Partitioning Types Overview
      • HASH Partitioning Type
      • KEY Partitioning Type
      • LINEAR HASH Partitioning Type
      • LINEAR KEY Partitioning Type
      • LIST Partitioning Type
      • RANGE COLUMNS and LIST COLUMNS Partitioning Types
      • RANGE Partitioning Type
    • Partitioning Limitations
    • Partitions Files
    • Partitions Metadata
  • Stored Routines
    • Stored Procedures
      • Stored Procedure Overview
      • CREATE PROCEDURE
      • ALTER PROCEDURE
      • DROP PROCEDURE
    • Stored Functions
      • Stored Function Overview
      • Stored Aggregate Functions
      • Stored Routine Privileges
      • DROP FUNCTION
      • Stored Function Limitations
    • Binary Logging of Stored Routines
    • Stored Routine Limitations
  • Storage Engines
    • Storage Engines Overview
    • Choosing the Right Storage Engine
    • InnoDB
      • InnoDB Storage Engine Introduction
      • InnoDB Versions
      • InnoDB File Format
      • InnoDB Limitations
      • AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
      • Binary Log Group Commit and InnoDB Flushing Performance
      • InnoDB Asynchronous I/O
      • InnoDB Buffer Pool
      • InnoDB Change Buffering
      • InnoDB Data Scrubbing
      • InnoDB Doublewrite Buffer
      • InnoDB Lock Modes
      • InnoDB Monitors
      • InnoDB Page Compression
      • InnoDB Page Flushing
      • InnoDB Purge
      • InnoDB Undo Log
      • InnoDB Redo Log
      • InnoDB Strict Mode
      • InnoDB System Variables
      • InnoDB Architecture for MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Background Thread Pool
        • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB I/O Threads
      • InnoDB Online DDL
        • InnoDB Online DDL Overview
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INPLACE Alter Algorithm
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INSTANT Alter Algorithm
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the NOCOPY Alter Algorithm
        • Instant ADD COLUMN for InnoDB
      • InnoDB Row Formats
        • InnoDB Row Formats Overview
        • InnoDB COMPACT Row Format
        • InnoDB COMPRESSED Row Format
        • InnoDB DYNAMIC Row Format
        • InnoDB REDUNDANT Row Format
        • Troubleshooting Row Size Too Large Errors with InnoDB
      • InnoDB Tablespaces
        • InnoDB File-Per-Table Tablespaces
        • InnoDB System Tablespaces
        • InnoDB Temporary Tablespaces
      • InnoDB Troubleshooting
        • InnoDB Troubleshooting Overview
        • InnoDB Data Dictionary Troubleshooting
        • InnoDB Recovery Modes
      • InnoDB - Unmaintained
        • About XtraDB
        • Using InnoDB Instead of XtraDB
      • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Operations
        • Configure the InnoDB Buffer Pool
        • Configure the InnoDB I/O Threads
        • Configure the InnoDB Purge Threads
        • Configure the InnoDB Redo Log
        • Configure the InnoDB Undo Log
        • Schema Changes
          • InnoDB Schema Changes
    • BLACKHOLE
    • MEMORY
    • MERGE
    • PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
    • Sequence
    • Archive
    • Aria
      • Aria Storage Engine
      • Aria Group Commit
      • Aria Status Variables
      • Aria Storage Formats
      • Aria System Variables
      • Aria Two-step Deadlock Detection
      • Aria FAQ
      • The Aria Name
    • CONNECT
      • Introduction to the CONNECT Engine
      • Using CONNECT
        • Using CONNECT - Condition Pushdown
        • Using CONNECT - Exporting Data From MariaDB
        • Using CONNECT - General Information
        • Using CONNECT - Importing File Data Into MariaDB Tables
        • Using CONNECT - Indexing
        • USING CONNECT - Offline Documentation
        • Using CONNECT - Partitioning and Sharding
        • Using CONNECT - Virtual and Special Columns
      • Installing
      • Create Table Options
      • Data Types
      • CONNECT Table Types
        • CONNECT Table Types Overview
        • CONNECT BIN Table Type
        • CONNECT CSV and FMT Table Types
        • CONNECT DBF Table Type
        • CONNECT DOS and FIX Table Types
        • CONNECT - External Table Types
        • CONNECT - Files Retrieved Using Rest Queries
        • CONNECT INI Table Type
        • CONNECT JDBC Table Type: Accessing Tables from Another DBMS
        • CONNECT JSON Table Type
        • CONNECT MONGO Table Type: Accessing Collections from MongoDB
        • CONNECT MYSQL Table Type: Accessing MySQL/MariaDB Tables
        • CONNECT - NoSQL Table Types
        • CONNECT OCCUR Table Type
        • CONNECT ODBC Table Type: Accessing Tables From Another DBMS
        • CONNECT PIVOT Table Type
        • CONNECT PROXY Table Type
        • CONNECT Table Types - Catalog Tables
        • CONNECT Table Types - Data Files
        • CONNECT Table Types - OEM: Implemented in an External LIB
        • CONNECT Table Types - Special "Virtual" Tables
        • CONNECT Table Types - VIR
        • CONNECT TBL Table Type: Table List
        • CONNECT - Using the TBL and MYSQL Table Types Together
        • CONNECT VEC Table Type
        • CONNECT XCOL Table Type
        • CONNECT XML Table Type
        • CONNECT Zipped File Tables
        • Inward and Outward Tables
      • Security
      • Connect System Variables
      • Adding the REST Feature as a Library Called by an OEM Table
      • Compiling JSON UDFs in a Separate Library
      • Making the GetRest Library
      • OEM Table Example
      • Current Status of the CONNECT Handler
      • JSON Sample Files
    • CSV
      • CSV Overview
      • Checking and Repairing CSV Tables
    • FederatedX
      • About FederatedX
      • Differences Between FederatedX and Federated
    • Mroonga
      • Mroonga Overview
      • About Mroonga
      • Mroonga Status Variables
      • Mroonga System Variables
      • Mroonga User-Defined Functions
        • Creating Mroonga User-Defined Functions
        • last_insert_grn_id
        • mroonga_command
        • mroonga_escape
        • mroonga_highlight_html
        • mroonga_normalize
        • mroonga_snippet
        • mroonga_snippet_html
    • MyISAM
      • MyISAM Overview
      • MyISAM Index Storage Space
      • MyISAM Storage Formats
      • MyISAM System Variables
    • MyRocks
      • About MyRocks for MariaDB
      • Building MyRocks in MariaDB
      • Differences Between MyRocks Variants
      • Getting Started with MyRocks
      • Loading Data Into MyRocks
      • Bloom Filters
      • CHECK TABLE
      • Data Compression
      • Group Commit with Binary log
      • Index-Only Scans
      • Replication
      • START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
      • MyRocks Column Families
      • MyRocks Performance Troubleshooting
      • Optimizer Statistics in MyRocks
      • MyRocks Transactional Isolation
      • MyRocks Status Variables
      • MyRocks System Variables
    • OQGRAPH
      • OQGRAPH Overview
      • Installing OQGRAPH
      • Compiling OQGRAPH
      • Building OQGRAPH Under Windows
      • OQGRAPH Examples
    • S3 Storage Engine
      • Using the S3 Storage Engine
      • S3 Status Variables
      • System Variables
      • Engine Internals
      • Testing Connections
      • aria_s3_copy
    • SphinxSE
      • About SphinxSE
      • Installing Sphinx
      • Installing and Testing SphinxSE with MariaDB
      • Configuring Sphinx
    • Spider
      • Spider Storage Engine Overview
      • Spider Storage Engine Introduction
        • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Schema Design
        • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Operations
          • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Spider Federated Overview
            • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
            • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Migrate Tables
          • ODBC MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Use Spider ODBC to connect to Oracle
          • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Spider Sharded Overview
            • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Add a Shard
            • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
      • Spider Differences Between SpiderForMySQL and MariaDB
      • Spider Feature Matrix
      • Spider Use Cases
      • Spider Installation
      • Spider Cluster Management
      • Spider Case Studies
      • Spider Benchmarks
      • Information Schema SPIDER_WRAPPER_PROTOCOLS Table
      • Spider Storage Engine Core Concepts
      • Spider System Variables
      • Spider Table Parameters
      • Spider Functions
        • SPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL
        • SPIDER_COPY_TABLES
        • SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL
        • SPIDER_FLUSH_TABLE_MON_CACHE
      • Spider FAQ
    • TokuDB
      • TokuDB Overview
      • Installing TokuDB
      • TokuDB Differences
      • TokuDB Resources
      • TokuDB Status Variables
      • TokuDB System Variables
    • Storage Engine Development
      • Engine-defined New Table/Field/Index Attributes
      • Storage Engine FAQ
      • Table Discovery (before 10.0.2)
      • Table Discovery
    • Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
    • Legacy Storage Engines
      • FEDERATED Storage Engine
      • Cassandra Storage Engine
        • Building Cassandra Storage Engine for Packaging
        • Building Cassandra Storage Engine
        • Cassandra Status Variables
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Future Plans
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Issues
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Overview
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Use Example
        • Cassandra System Variables
        • Handling Joins With Cassandra
        • Virtual Machine to Test the Cassandra Storage Engine
    • Machine Learning with MindsDB
  • Triggers & Events
    • Event Scheduler
      • Events Overview
      • ALTER EVENT
      • Event Limitations
    • Triggers
      • Trigger Overview
      • CREATE TRIGGER
      • Trigger Limitations
      • Triggers and Implicit Locks
  • User-Defined Functions
    • User-Defined Functions Overview
    • Creating User-Defined Functions
    • CREATE FUNCTION UDF
    • DROP FUNCTION UDF
    • User-Defined Functions Calling Sequences
    • User-Defined Functions Security
  • Views
    • ALTER VIEW
    • CREATE VIEW
    • DROP VIEW
    • Information Schema VIEWS Table
    • Inserting and Updating with Views
    • View Algorithms
• Server Management
  • Deployment
    • General Deployment Instructions
      • Best Practices
      • Deployment Methods
      • MariaDB ID Sign Up
      • Customer Download Token
    • Installing MariaDB
      • Compiling MariaDB From Source
        • Build Environment Setup for Mac
        • Building MariaDB on Gentoo
        • Building MariaDB on Windows
        • Creating a Debian Repository
        • Creating the MariaDB Source Tarball
        • Build Environment Setup for Linux
        • Building MariaDB from a Source RPM
        • Building MariaDB From Source Using musl-based GNU/Linux
        • Building MariaDB on Debian
        • Building MariaDB on Fedora
        • Building MariaDB on FreeBSD
        • Building MariaDB on Solaris and OpenSolaris
        • Building MariaDB on Ubuntu
        • Building RPM Packages From Source
        • Compile and Using MariaDB with Sanitizers (ASAN, UBSAN, TSAN, MSAN)
        • MariaDB Source Configuration Options
        • Compiling with the InnoDB Plugin from Oracle
        • Creating the MariaDB Binary Tarball
        • Cross-compiling MariaDB
        • Generic Build Instructions
        • Get, Build and Test Latest MariaDB the Lazy Way
        • Building MariaDB on CentOS
        • Compiling MariaDB with Extra Modules/Options
          • Compiling MariaDB with Vanilla XtraDB
          • Specifying Which Plugins to Build
          • Using MariaDB with TCMalloc or jemalloc
      • MariaDB Binary Packages
        • GPG
        • Installing MariaDB Alongside MySQL
        • Installing MariaDB Binary Tarballs
        • Installing MariaDB .deb Files
        • Installing MariaDB MSI Packages on Windows
        • Installing MariaDB Server on macOS Using Homebrew
        • Installing MariaDB Server PKG packages on macOS
        • Installing MariaDB Windows ZIP Packages
        • MariaDB Package Repository Setup and Usage
        • Deploy with Package Tarballs
        • Deploy with Local Package Repository Mirrors
        • Automated MariaDB Deployment and Administration
          • A Comparison Between Automation Systems
          • Automating MariaDB Tasks with Events
          • Automating Upgrades with MariaDB.Org Downloads REST API
          • HashiCorp Vault and MariaDB
          • Orchestrator Overview
          • Why to Automate MariaDB Deployments and Management
          • Ansible and MariaDB
            • Ansible Overview for MariaDB Users
            • Deploying Docker Containers with Ansible
            • Deploying to Remote Servers with Ansible
            • Existing Ansible Modules and Roles for MariaDB
            • Installing MariaDB .deb Files with Ansible
            • Managing Secrets in Ansible
            • Running mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql with Ansible
          • Puppet and MariaDB
            • Puppet Overview
            • Deploying Docker Containers with Puppet
            • Existing Puppet Modules for MariaDB
            • Puppet hiera Configuration System
            • Bolt Examples
          • MariaDB Containers
            • Adding Plugins to the MariaDB Docker Official Image
            • Benefits of Managing MariaDB Containers with Orchestration Software
            • Container Backup and Restoration
            • Container Security Concerns
            • Creating a Custom Container Image
            • Deploy MariaDB Enterprise Server with Docker
            • Docker and AWS EC2
            • Docker and Google Cloud
            • Docker and Microsoft Azure
            • Docker Official Image Frequently Asked Questions
            • Installing and Using MariaDB via Docker
            • MariaDB Container Cheat Sheet
            • MariaDB Server Docker Official Image Environment Variables
            • Setting Up a LAMP Stack with Docker Compose
            • using-healthcheck-sh
          • Kubernetes and MariaDB
            • Kubernetes Operators for MariaDB
            • Kubernetes Overview for MariaDB Users
          • Vagrant and MariaDB
            • Creating a Vagrantfile
            • Vagrant Overview for MariaDB Users
            • Vagrant Security Concerns
        • Installing MariaDB RPM Files
          • About the MariaDB RPM Files
          • Checking MariaDB RPM Package Signatures
          • Installing MariaDB With the rpm Tool
          • Installing MariaDB with zypper
          • MariaDB for DirectAdmin Using RPMs
          • MariaDB Installation (Version 10.1.21) via RPMs on CentOS 7
          • Troubleshooting MariaDB Installs on RHEL / CentOS
          • Why Source RPMs (SRPMs) Aren't Packaged For Some Platforms
          • Installing MariaDB with yum/dnf
      • Installing System Tables
        • Installing System Tables on Unix
        • Installing System Tables on Windows
      • Troubleshooting Installation Issues
        • Error: symbol mysql_get_server_name, version libmysqlclient_16 not defined
        • Installation issues on Windows
        • Installation Issues with PHP5
        • Installing on an Old Linux Version
        • Installation issues on Debian and Ubuntu
          • apt-upgrade Fails, But the Database is Running
          • Differences in MariaDB in Debian (and Ubuntu)
          • MariaDB 5.5.33 Debian and Ubuntu Installation Issues
          • MariaDB Debian Live Images
          • Moving from MySQL to MariaDB in Debian 9
      • Installing MariaDB on IBM Cloud
    • Configuring MariaDB
      • Configuring MariaDB with Option Files
      • MariaDB Environment Variables
      • Advanced Configuration
        • Atomic Write Support
        • Configuring Linux for MariaDB
        • Configuring MariaDB for Optimal Performance
        • Configuring Swappiness
        • Fusion-io
          • Fusion-io Introduction
          • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Changelog
          • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Release Notes
    • Upgrading MariaDB
      • Upgrading Between Major MariaDB Versions
      • Upgrading Between Minor Versions on Linux
      • Upgrading MariaDB on Windows
      • Upgrading MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.8
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 11.4.X to 11.4.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.6.X to 10.6.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.5.X to 10.5.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.4.X to 10.4.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.3.X to 10.3.Y
      • Upgrading MariaDB Community Server to Enterprise Server
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
      • Upgrading From/To Specific Versions
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.4 to MariaDB 11.8
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.3 to MariaDB 11.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.11
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.5 to MariaDB 10.6
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.4 to MariaDB 10.5
      • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
      • Upgrading to Unmaintained MariaDB Versions
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.2 to MariaDB 11.3
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.1 to MariaDB 11.2
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.0 to MariaDB 11.1
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.0
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.7 to MariaDB 10.8
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.7
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.3 to MariaDB 10.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.2 to MariaDB 10.3
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.1 to MariaDB 10.2
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.0 to MariaDB 10.1
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 5.3 to MariaDB 5.5
    • Downgrading MariaDB
    • Migrating to MariaDB
      • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL
        • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
        • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL - Obsolete Articles
          • Screencast for Upgrading MySQL to MariaDB (Obsolete)
          • Upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to MariaDB 10.2
          • Upgrading to MariaDB From MySQL 5.0 or Older
      • Migrating to MariaDB from PostgreSQL
      • Migrating to MariaDB from Oracle
        • Oracle XE 11.2. and MariaDB 10.1 integration on Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian systems
      • Migrating to MariaDB from SQL Server
        • MariaDB Authorization and Permissions for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Backups Overview for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Features Not Available in SQL Server
        • MariaDB Replication Overview for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Transactions and Isolation Levels for SQL Server Users
        • Moving Data Between SQL Server and MariaDB
        • Repairing MariaDB Tables for SQL Server Users
        • Setting Up MariaDB for Testing for SQL Server Users
        • SQL Server and MariaDB Types Comparison
        • SQL Server Features Implemented Differently in MariaDB
        • SQL Server Features Not Available in MariaDB
        • Syntax Differences between MariaDB and SQL Server
        • Understanding MariaDB Architecture
    • MariaDB on Amazon RDS
    • Puppet and MariaDB
  • Starting & Stopping
    • Starting and Stopping Overview
    • launchd
    • systemd
    • sysVinit
    • mariadbd-safe
    • mariadbd-multi
    • mariadbd Option
    • mariadbd
    • mysql.server
    • Running MariaDB from the Build Directory
    • Running Multiple MariaDB Server Processes
    • Specifying Permissions for Schema (Data) Directories and Tables
    • Switching Between Different Installed MariaDB Versions
    • What to Do if MariaDB Doesn't Start
  • Server Monitoring & Logs
    • Overview of MariaDB Logs
    • Binary Log
      • Overview of the Binary Log
      • Activating the Binary Log
      • Binary Log Formats
      • Compressing Events to Reduce Size of the Binary Log
      • Flashback
      • Group Commit for the Binary Log
      • Relay Log
      • Using and Maintaining the Binary Log
    • Slow Query Log
      • Slow Query Log Overview
      • EXPLAIN in the Slow Query Log
      • log_slow_always_query_time System Variable
    • Error Log
    • General Query Log
    • MyISAM Log
    • Rotating Logs on Unix and Linux
    • SQL Error Log Plugin
    • Writing Logs Into Tables
    • Transaction Coordinator Log
      • Transaction Coordinator Log Overview
      • Heuristic Recovery with the Transaction Coordinator Log
  • Variables and Modes
    • SQL_MODE
    • OLD_MODE
• Security
  • Securing MariaDB
    • Running mariadbd as root
    • SELinux
    • Encryption
      • TLS and Cryptography Libraries Used by MariaDB
      • Data-in-Transit Encryption
        • Certificate Creation with OpenSSL
        • Enabling TLS on MariaDB Server
        • Requiring TLS on MariaDB Server
        • Replication with Secure Connections
        • Secure Connections Overview
        • Securing Connections for Client and Server
        • SSL/TLS System Variables
        • Using TLSv1.3
      • Data-at-Rest Encryption
        • Data-at-Rest Encryption Overview
        • Encrypting Binary Logs
        • Why Encrypt MariaDB Data?
        • Aria Encryption
          • Aria Encryption Overview
          • Aria Disabling Encryption
          • Aria Enabling Encryption
          • Aria Encryption Keys
        • InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Encryption Overview
          • Disabling InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Background Encryption Threads
          • Enabling InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Encryption Keys
          • InnoDB Encryption Troubleshooting
        • Key Management and Encryption Plugins
          • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Advanced Usage
          • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Setup Guide
          • AWS Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • Encryption Key Management
          • Eperi Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • File Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • Hashicorp Key Management Plugin
    • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB
    • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in Oracle MySQL That Did Not Exist in MariaDB
  • User Account Management
    • Roles
      • Roles Overview
    • Account Locking
    • Authentication from MariaDB 10.4
    • Incrementing of the access_denied_errors status variable
    • User Password Expiry
    • Catalogs
      • Catalogs Overview
      • Starting with Catalogs
      • Catalog-Specific Functions and Variables
      • Catalog Status Variables
      • Connecting to a Server Configured for Catalogs
      • CREATE CATALOG
      • SHOW CREATE CATALOG
      • SHOW CATALOGS
      • USE CATALOG
      • DROP CATALOG
  • Authentication with Enterprise Server
    • Authentication for MariaDB Enterprise Server
    • Authentication with gssapi
  • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables
    • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables Overview
    • max_tmp_session_space_usage System Variable
    • max_tmp_total_space_usage System Variable
• Architecture
  • Topologies
    • Topologies Overview
    • Columnstore Object Storage
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
      • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
      • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 9: Import Data
    • ColumnStore Shared Local Storage
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
      • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
      • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 9: Import Data
    • Galera Cluster
      • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 3: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 5: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 6: Test MariaDB MaxScale
    • HTAP
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Node
      • Step 2: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
    • Primary/Replica
      • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Primary Server
      • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Replica Servers
      • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 6: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Test MariaDB MaxScale
    • Single Node Topologies
      • Community Server
      • Community Server with ColumnStore
      • Enterprise Server
      • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Local Storage)
        • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
      • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Object Storage)
        • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
    • Spider Storage Engine
    • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topologies
      • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
      • ODBC MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
      • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
    • Spider Federated
      • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
      • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Node
      • Step 3: Test Spider Federated Topology
    • Spider Sharded
      • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
      • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Nodes
      • Step 3: Test Spider Sharded Topology
  • Server Constraints
    • Server Constraints Overview
    • AUTO_INCREMENT Constraints
    • FOREIGN KEY Constraints
    • NOT NULL Constraints
    • PRIMARY KEY Constraints
    • UNIQUE Constraints
• Clients & Utilities
  • Administrative Tools
    • dbdeployer
    • innochecksum
    • mariadb-access
    • mariadb-admin
    • mariadb-conv
    • mariadb-setpermission
    • mariadb-show
    • mariadb-plugin
    • mariadb-report
    • mariadb-find-rows
    • mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql
    • mariadb-waitpid
    • my_print_defaults
    • mariadb-embedded
    • perror
    • replace
    • resolve_stack_dump
  • Aria Clients and Utilities
    • aria_chk
    • aria_pack
    • aria_read_log
  • Backup, Restore and Import Clients
    • mariadb-dump
    • mariadb-hotcopy
    • mariadb-import
    • Data Import with MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • LOAD DATA With LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE
      • mariadb-import-utility
    • Backup/Restore + Data Export/Import via dbForge Studio
  • Deployment Tools
    • mariadb-install-db
    • mariadb-upgrade
    • mariadb-secure-installation
  • Graphical and Enhanced Clients
    • Adminer
    • Beekeeper Studio
    • SQL Diagnostic Manager & SQLyog
    • Database Workbench
    • dbForge Data Compare
    • dbForge Data Generator
    • dbForge Documenter for MariaDB and MySQL
    • dbForge Edge
    • dbForge Fusion: MySQL & MariaDB Plugin for VS
    • dbForge Query Builder for MySQL & MariaDB
    • dbForge Schema Compare for MariaDB & MySQL
    • dbForge Studio for MariaDB
    • DbSchema
    • DbVisualizer
    • DeZign for Databases
    • ERBuilder Data Modeler
    • DBeaver
    • OmniDB
    • Sequel Pro
    • HeidiSQL
    • Improved SQL Document Parser Performance in Updated dbForge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
    • KS DB Merge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
    • LibreOffice Base
    • Luna Modeler
    • mycli
    • Navicat
    • ocelotgui
    • phpMyAdmin
    • Querious
    • SB Data Generator
    • SQLPro Studio
    • SQLyog: Community Edition
    • TablePlus
    • TOAD Edge
    • TOAD for MySQL
    • Valentina Studio
    • MariaDB Direct Query Adapter For Microsoft Power BI
    • dbForge Studio for MySQL/MariaDB
  • Logging Tools
    • mariadb-binlog
      • mysqlbinlog
      • Using mariadb-binlog
      • mariadb-binlog Options
      • Annotate_rows_log_event
    • mariadb-dumpslow
  • mariadb Client
    • mariadb Command-Line Client
    • mysql Command-Line Client
    • Delimiters
  • Networking Tools
    • resolveip
  • Table Tools
    • mariadb-check
    • mariadb-convert-table-format
    • mariadb-fix-extensions
  • Testing Tools
    • mariadb-slap
    • mariadb-stress-test
    • mariadb-test
      • mariadb-test Overview
      • Installing MinIO for Usage With mariadb-test-run
      • mariadb-test Auxiliary Files
      • mariadb-test-run.pl Options
      • New Features for mysqltest in MariaDB
      • Pausing mariadb-test-run.pl
      • The Debug Sync Facility
  • MyISAM Clients and Utilities
    • Memory and Disk Use With myisamchk
    • MyISAM Database Management using GUI Client
    • myisam_ftdump
    • myisamchk Table Information
    • myisamchk
    • myisamlog
    • myisampack
  • Server & Client Software
    • About MariaDB Software
    • Applications Supporting MariaDB
    • About the MariaDB Foundation
    • Client Libraries
      • Connect and Query
      • Proxy Protocol Support
      • Client/Server Protocol
        • 0 - Packet
        • MariaDB Protocol Differences with MySQL
        • Protocol data types
        • 1 - Connecting
          • caching_sha2_password Authentication Plugin
          • Connecting
          • sha256_password Plugin
        • 2 - Text Protocol
          • COM_CHANGE_USER
          • COM_CREATE_DB
          • COM_DEBUG
          • COM_DROP_DB
          • COM_FIELD_LIST
          • COM_INIT_DB
          • COM_PING
          • COM_PROCESS_KILL
          • COM_PROCESSLIST
          • COM_QUERY
          • COM_QUIT
          • COM_RESET_CONNECTION
          • COM_SET_OPTION
          • COM_SHUTDOWN
          • COM_SLEEP
          • COM_STATISTICS
        • 3 - Binary Protocol (Prepared Statements)
          • COM_STMT_CLOSE
          • COM_STMT_BULK_EXECUTE
          • COM_STMT_EXECUTE
          • COM_STMT_FETCH
          • COM_STMT_PREPARE
          • COM_STMT_RESET
          • COM_STMT_SEND_LONG_DATA
          • Server Response Packets (Binary Protocol)
            • PACKET_BINDATA
        • 4 - Server Response Packets
          • EOF_Packet
          • ERR_Packet
          • OK_Packet
          • LOCAL_INFILE Packet
          • Result Set Packets
          • Resultset row
        • Replication Protocol
          • 1-Binlog Events
          • 2-Binlog Event Header
          • 3-Binlog Network Stream
          • 4-Semi-Sync Replication
          • 5-Replica Registration
          • ANNOTATE_ROWS_EVENT
          • BEGIN_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
          • BINLOG_CHECKPOINT_EVENT
          • COM_BINLOG_DUMP
          • COM_REGISTER_SLAVE
          • EXECUTE_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
          • Fake GTID_LIST event
          • Fake ROTATE_EVENT
          • FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT
          • GTID_EVENT
          • GTID_LIST_EVENT
          • HEARTBEAT_LOG_EVENT
          • INTVAR_EVENT
          • QUERY_EVENT
          • RAND_EVENT
          • ROTATE_EVENT
          • ROWS_EVENT_V1/V2, ROWS_COMPRESSED_EVENT_V1
          • START_ENCRYPTION_EVENT
          • STOP_EVENT
          • TABLE_MAP_EVENT
          • USER_VAR_EVENT
          • XA_PREPARE_LOG_EVENT
          • XID_EVENT
    • Downloads
      • MariaDB Source Code
      • MariaDB RPM Packages
      • Mirror Sites for MariaDB
      • Where to Download MariaDB
  • Legacy Clients and Utilities
    • Analyzing Tools
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer API
    • mysqld_safe
    • MySQL Sandbox
    • mysql_convert_table_format
    • mysql_embedded
    • mysql_find_rows
    • mysql_fix_extensions
    • mysql_install_db
    • mysql_plugin
    • mysql_secure_installation
    • mysql_setpermission
    • mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
    • mysql_upgrade
    • mysql_waitpid
    • mysql_zap
    • mysqlaccess
    • mysqladmin
    • mysqlcheck
    • mysqld_multi
    • mysqldump
    • mysqldumpslow
    • mysqlhotcopy
    • mysqlimport
    • mysqlreport
    • mysqlshow
    • mysqlslap
    • Percona XtraBackup
      • Percona XtraBackup Overview
      • Percona XtraBackup Build Instructions
    • msql2mysql
    • xtstat
• HA & Performance
  • Optimization and Tuning
    • Buffers, Caches and Threads
      • Query Cache
      • Thread Command Values
      • Thread Pool
        • Thread Pool in MariaDB
        • Thread Groups in the Unix Implementation of the Thread Pool
        • Thread Pool System and Status Variables
        • Thread Pool in MariaDB 5.1 - 5.3
      • Thread States
        • Delayed Insert Connection Thread States
        • Delayed Insert Handler Thread States
        • Event Scheduler Thread States
        • General Thread States
        • Master Thread States
        • Query Cache Thread States
        • Replica I/O Thread States
        • Replica Connection Thread States
        • Replica SQL Thread States
    • MariaDB Internal Optimizations
      • Fair Choice Between Range and Index_merge Optimizations
      • Multi Range Read Optimization
    • Operating System Optimizations
      • Filesystem Optimizations
    • Optimization and Indexes
      • Building the best INDEX for a given SELECT
      • Compound (Composite) Indexes
      • Foreign Keys
      • Ignored Indexes
      • Index Statistics
      • Latitude/Longitude Indexing
      • Primary Keys with Nullable Columns
      • Storage Engine Index Types
      • Full-Text Indexes
        • Full-Text Index Overview
        • Full-Text Index Stopwords
    • Compression
      • Compression Plugins
      • Storage-Engine Independent Column Compression
    • Optimizing Data Structure
      • Numeric vs String Fields
      • Optimizing MEMORY Tables
      • Optimizing String and Character Fields
    • Optimizing Tables
      • OPTIMIZE TABLE
      • Defragmenting InnoDB Tablespaces
      • Entity-Attribute-Value Implementation
      • IP Range Table Performance
    • Optimizing Queries
      • Aborting Statements that Exceed a Certain Time to Execute
      • Big DELETEs
      • Charset Narrowing Optimization
      • Data Sampling: Techniques for Efficiently Finding a Random Row
      • Data Warehousing High Speed Ingestion
      • Data Warehousing Summary Tables
      • Data Warehousing Techniques
      • DISTINCT removal in aggregate functions
      • Equality propagation optimization
      • Filesort with Small LIMIT Optimization
      • FORCE INDEX
      • Groupwise Max in MariaDB
      • GUID/UUID Performance
      • hash_join_cardinality optimizer_switch Flag
      • How to Quickly Insert Data Into MariaDB
      • IGNORE INDEX
      • Index Condition Pushdown
      • Index Hints: How to Force Query Plans
      • index_merge sort_intersection
      • LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED
      • MariaDB 5.3 Optimizer Debugging
      • not_null_range_scan Optimization
      • optimizer_switch
      • optimizer_adjust_secondary_key_costs
      • optimizer_join_limit_pref_ratio Optimization
      • Optimizing for "Latest News"-style Queries
      • Pagination Optimization
      • Pivoting in MariaDB
      • Query Limits and Timeouts
      • Rollup Unique User Counts
      • Rowid Filtering Optimization
      • Sargable DATE and YEAR
      • Sargable UPPER
      • USE INDEX
      • Virtual Column Support in the Optimizer
      • Optimization Strategies
        • Duplicate Weedout Strategy
        • FirstMatch Strategy
        • Improvements to ORDER BY Optimization
        • LooseScan Strategy
        • Semi-join Materialization Strategy
      • Optimizations for Derived Tables
        • Condition Pushdown into Derived Table Optimization
        • Derived Table Merge Optimization
        • Derived Table with Key Optimization
        • Lateral Derived Optimization
        • Split Materialized Optimization
      • Statistics for Optimizing Queries
        • Engine-Independent Table Statistics
        • Histogram-Based Statistics
        • InnoDB Persistent Statistics
        • Slow Query Log Extended Statistics
        • User Statistics
      • Subquery Optimizations
        • Condition Pushdown Into IN subqueries
        • Conversion of Big IN Predicates Into Subqueries
        • EXISTS-to-IN Optimization
        • Non-semi-join Subquery Optimizations
        • Optimizing GROUP BY and DISTINCT Clauses in Subqueries
        • Semi-join Subquery Optimizations
        • Subquery Cache
        • Subquery Optimizations Map
        • Table Pullout Optimization
      • Table Elimination
        • Table Elimination External Resources
        • Table Elimination in MariaDB
        • Table Elimination in Other Databases
        • Table Elimination User Interface
        • What is Table Elimination?
    • System Variables
      • Big Query Settings
      • Handling Too Many Connections
      • MariaDB Optimization for MySQL Users
      • Optimizing key_buffer_size
      • Optimizing table_open_cache
      • OQGRAPH System and Status Variables
      • Sample my.cnf Files
      • Segmented Key Cache
      • Semisynchronous Replication Plugin Status Variables
      • Server Status Variables
      • Server System Variables
      • InnoDB Server Status Variables
      • Setting Innodb Buffer Pool Size Dynamically
      • Sphinx Status Variables
      • Spider Status Variables
      • SQL Error Log System Variables and Options
      • SSL/TLS Status Variables
      • System and Status Variables Added By Major Release
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 12.1
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.8
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.11
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
        • System and Status Variables Added By Major Unmaintained Release
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.7
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.6
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.3
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.2
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.1
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.10
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.9
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.8
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 5.5
  • MariaDB Replication
    • Replication Overview
    • Replication Statements
    • Setting Up Replication
    • Global Transaction ID
    • Read-Only Replicas
    • Multi-Source Replication
    • Multi-Master Ring Replication
    • Delayed Replication
    • Parallel Replication
    • Semisynchronous Replication
    • Row-based Replication With No Primary Key
    • Unsafe Statements for Statement-Based Replication
    • Replication Filters
    • Replication Threads
    • Replication and Foreign Keys
    • Replication and Binary Log System Variables
    • Replication and Binary Log Status Variables
    • Binlog Event Checksum Interoperability
    • Binlog Event Checksums
    • Changing a Replica to Become the Primary
    • Replication When the Primary and Replica Have Different Table Definitions
    • Enhancements for START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
    • Restricting Speed of Reading Binlog from Primary by a Replica
    • Running Triggers on the Replica for Row-based Events
    • Selectively Skipping Replication of Binlog Events
    • Obsolete Replication Information
      • LOAD DATA FROM MASTER (removed)
      • LOAD TABLE FROM MASTER (removed)
      • MariaDB 5.2 Replication Feature Preview
      • XtraDB option --innodb-release-locks-early
  • Benchmarking
  • MariaDB Memory Allocation
  • Hardware Optimization
  • Connection Redirection Mechanism in the MariaDB Client/Server Protocol
• Reference
  • Options, System & Status Variables
  • SQL Structure
    • Joins, Subqueries, and Set
    • Geometry
      • Geometry Hierarchy
      • Geometry Types
      • GIS Features
      • GIS Resources
      • MySQL/MariaDB Spatial Support Matrix
      • SPATIAL INDEX
    • NoSQL
      • Dynamic Column API
      • Dynamic Columns API
      • Dynamic Columns from MariaDB 10
      • Dynamic Columns
      • HANDLER
        • HANDLER Commands
        • HANDLER for MEMORY Tables
      • HandlerSocket
        • HandlerSocket Client Libraries
        • HandlerSocket Configuration Options
        • HandlerSocket External Resources
        • HandlerSocket Installation
        • Testing HandlerSocket in a Source Distribution
    • Operators
      • Operator Precedence
      • Arithmetic Operators
        • Modulo Operator (%)
        • Subtraction Operator (-)
      • Assignment Operators
        • Assignment Operator (:=)
        • Assignment Operator (=)
      • Comparison Operators
        • BETWEEN AND
        • COALESCE
        • =
        • >=
        • >
        • GREATEST
        • IN
        • INTERVAL
        • IS NOT NULL
        • IS NOT
        • IS NULL
        • IS
        • ISNULL
        • LEAST
        • <=
        • <
        • NOT BETWEEN
        • !=
        • NOT IN
        • <=>
      • Logical Operators
        • &&
        • !
        • ||
        • XOR
    • Sequences
      • ALTER SEQUENCE
      • CREATE SEQUENCE
      • DROP SEQUENCE
      • Sequence Overview
      • SEQUENCE Functions
        • LASTVAL
        • NEXT VALUE for sequence_name
        • NEXTVAL
        • PREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name
        • SETVAL
    • SQL Language Structure
      • Binary Literals
      • Date and Time Literals
      • Hexadecimal Literals
      • Identifier Case-sensitivity
      • Identifier Names
      • Identifier Qualifiers
      • Identifier to File Name Mapping
      • Numeric Literals
      • Reserved Words
      • Boolean Literals
      • String Literals
      • Table Value Constructors
      • User-Defined Variables
    • Temporal Tables
      • Application-Time Periods
      • Bitemporal Tables
      • System-Versioned Tables
    • Vectors
      • Vector Overview
      • CREATE TABLE with Vectors
      • Vector System Variables
      • Vector Functions
        • VEC_DISTANCE_COSINE
        • VEC_DISTANCE_EUCLIDEAN
        • VEC_FromText
        • VEC_ToText
        • VEC_DISTANCE
      • Vector Framework Integrations
  • SQL Statements
    • Comment Syntax
    • Account Management
      • ALTER USER
      • CREATE ROLE
      • CREATE USER
      • DROP ROLE
      • DROP USER
      • GRANT
      • RENAME USER
      • REVOKE
      • SET DEFAULT ROLE
      • SET PASSWORD
      • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
      • SET ROLE
    • Administrative Statements
      • BINLOG
      • CACHE INDEX
      • DESCRIBE
      • HELP Command
      • KILL
      • PURGE BINARY LOGS
      • RESET
      • SHUTDOWN
      • USE [DATABASE]
      • ANALYZE and EXPLAIN Statements
        • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON
        • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON Examples
        • ANALYZE: Interpreting rows and filtered members
        • ANALYZE Statement
        • EXPLAIN ANALYZE
        • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
        • EXPLAIN
        • Using Buffer UPDATE Algorithm
      • BACKUP Statements
        • BACKUP LOCK
        • BACKUP STAGE
        • Storage Snapshots and BACKUP STAGE Statements
      • FLUSH Statements
        • FLUSH QUERY CACHE
        • FLUSH TABLES FOR EXPORT
        • FLUSH
      • Plugin Statements
        • INSTALL PLUGIN
        • INSTALL SONAME
        • UNINSTALL PLUGIN
        • UNINSTALL SONAME
      • Replication Statements
        • CHANGE MASTER TO
        • RESET MASTER
        • RESET REPLICA
        • SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER
        • START REPLICA
        • STOP REPLICA
        • Legacy Replication Statements
          • RESET SLAVE
          • SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
          • SHOW SLAVE STATUS
          • START SLAVE
          • STOP SLAVE
      • SET Statements
        • SET
        • SET SQL_LOG_BIN
        • SET STATEMENT
      • SHOW Statements
        • About SHOW
        • Extended SHOW
        • SHOW ANALYZE
        • SHOW AUTHORS
        • SHOW BINARY LOGS
        • SHOW BINLOG EVENTS
        • SHOW MASTER STATUS
        • SHOW CHARACTER SET
        • SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS
        • SHOW COLLATION
        • SHOW COLUMNS
        • SHOW CONTRIBUTORS
        • SHOW CREATE DATABASE
        • SHOW CREATE EVENT
        • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
        • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY
        • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE
        • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
        • SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE
        • SHOW CREATE SERVER
        • SHOW CREATE TABLE
        • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
        • SHOW CREATE USER
        • SHOW CREATE VIEW
        • SHOW DATABASES
        • SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS
        • SHOW ENGINE
        • SHOW ENGINES
        • SHOW ERRORS
        • SHOW EVENTS
        • SHOW EXPLAIN
        • SHOW FUNCTION CODE
        • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
        • SHOW GRANTS
        • SHOW INDEX_STATISTICS
        • SHOW INDEX
        • SHOW INNODB STATUS (removed)
        • SHOW LOCALES
        • SHOW OPEN TABLES
        • SHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS
        • SHOW PACKAGE STATUS
        • SHOW PLUGINS SONAME
        • SHOW PLUGINS
        • SHOW PRIVILEGES
        • SHOW PROCEDURE CODE
        • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
        • SHOW PROCESSLIST
        • SHOW PROFILE
        • SHOW PROFILES
        • SHOW QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
        • SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS
        • SHOW REPLICA HOSTS
        • SHOW REPLICA STATUS
        • SHOW STATUS
        • SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS
        • SHOW TABLE STATUS
        • SHOW TABLES
        • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • SHOW USER_STATISTICS
        • SHOW USER_VARIABLES
        • SHOW VARIABLES
        • SHOW WARNINGS
        • SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP
        • SHOW WSREP_STATUS
      • System Tables
        • mariadb_schema
        • Information Schema
          • TIME_MS column in INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST
          • Information Schema Tables
            • Information Schema ALL_PLUGINS Table
            • Information Schema APPLICABLE_ROLES Table
            • Information Schema CATALOG Table
            • Information Schema CHARACTER_SETS Table
            • Information Schema CHECK_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema CLIENT_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
            • Information Schema COLLATIONS Table
            • Information Schema COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema COLUMNS Table
            • Information Schema DISKS Table
            • Information Schema ENABLED_ROLES Table
            • Information Schema ENGINES Table
            • Information Schema EVENTS Table
            • Information Schema FEEDBACK Table
            • Information Schema FILES Table
            • Information Schema GEOMETRY_COLUMNS Table
            • Information Schema GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
            • Information Schema GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
            • Information Schema INDEX_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema KEY_CACHES Table
            • Information Schema KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
            • Information Schema KEY_PERIOD_USAGE Table
            • Information Schema KEYWORDS Table
            • Information Schema LOCALES Table
            • Information Schema METADATA_LOCK_INFO Table
            • Information Schema MROONGA_STATS Table
            • Information Schema OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
            • Information Schema PARAMETERS Table
            • Information Schema PARTITIONS Table
            • Information Schema PERIODS Table
            • Information Schema PLUGINS Table
            • Information Schema PROCESSLIST Table
            • Information Schema PROFILING Table
            • Information Schema QUERY_CACHE_INFO Table
            • Information Schema QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME Table
            • Information Schema REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema ROUTINES Table
            • Information Schema SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema SCHEMATA Table
            • Information Schema SEQUENCES Table
            • Information Schema SLAVE_STATUS Table
            • Information Schema SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table
            • Information Schema SPIDER_ALLOC_MEM Table
            • Information Schema SQL_FUNCTIONS Table
            • Information Schema STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema SYSTEM_VARIABLES Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema TABLES Table
            • Information Schema TABLESPACES Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_GROUPS Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_QUEUES Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_STATS Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_WAITS Table
            • Information Schema TRIGGERS Table
            • Information Schema USER_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema USER_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema USER_VARIABLES Table
            • Information Schema USERS Table
            • Information Schema WSREP_MEMBERSHIP Table
            • Information Schema WSREP_STATUS Table
            • Information Schema InnoDB Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_BLOB Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_INDEX Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_CHANGED_PAGES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_LOCKS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_METRICS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_MUTEXES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TRX Table
              • Information Schema TEMP_TABLES_INFO Table
            • Information Schema MyRocks Tables
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CF_OPTIONS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CFSTATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_COMPACTION_STATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DBSTATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DDL Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DEADLOCK Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_GLOBAL_INFO Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_INDEX_FILE_MAP Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_LOCKS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT_GLOBAL Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_SST_PROPS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_TRX Table
            • Information Schema XtraDB Tables
              • Information Schema CHANGED_PAGE_BITMAPS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_UNDO_LOGS Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_INTERNAL_HASH_TABLES Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_READ_VIEW Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_RSEG Table
        • Performance Schema
          • Performance Schema Digests
          • Performance Schema Overview
          • Performance Schema Status Variables
          • Performance Schema System Variables
          • Performance Schema Tables
            • List of Performance Schema Tables
            • Performance Schema accounts Table
            • Performance Schema cond_instances Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_digest Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_program Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema file_instances Table
            • Performance Schema file_summary_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema file_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema global_status Table
            • Performance Schema host_cache Table
            • Performance Schema hosts Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema metadata_locks Table
            • Performance Schema mutex_instances Table
            • Performance Schema objects_summary_global_by_type Table
            • Performance Schema performance_timers Table
            • Performance Schema prepared_statements_instances Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_configuration Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_coordinator Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_worker Table
            • Performance Schema replication_connection_configuration Table
            • Performance Schema rwlock_instances Table
            • Performance Schema session_account_connect_attrs Table
            • Performance Schema session_connect_attrs Table
            • Performance Schema session_status Table
            • Performance Schema setup_actors Table
            • Performance Schema setup_consumers Table
            • Performance Schema setup_instruments Table
            • Performance Schema setup_objects Table
            • Performance Schema setup_timers Table
            • Performance Schema socket_instances Table
            • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_account Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_host Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_thread Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_user Table
            • Performance Schema table_handles Table
            • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage Table
            • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_table Table
            • Performance Schema table_lock_waits_summary_by_table Table
            • Performance Schema threads Table
            • Performance Schema user_variables_by_thread Table
            • Performance Schema users Table
        • Sys Schema
          • Sys Schema sys_config Table
          • Sys Schema Stored Functions
            • extract_schema_from_file_name
            • extract_table_from_file_name
            • format_path
            • format_statement
            • format_time
            • list_add
            • list_drop
            • ps_is_account_enabled
            • ps_is_consumer_enabled
            • ps_is_instrument_default_enabled
            • ps_is_instrument_default_timed
            • ps_is_thread_instrumented
            • ps_thread_account
            • ps_thread_id
            • ps_thread_stack
            • ps_thread_trx_info
            • quote_identifier
            • sys_get_config
            • format_bytes
            • version_major
            • version_minor
            • version_patch
          • Sys Schema Stored Procedures
            • create_synonym_db
            • optimizer_switch Helper Functions
            • ps_trace_statement_digest
            • ps_trace_thread
            • ps_truncate_all_tables
            • statement_performance_analyzer
            • table_exists
          • Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary and x$host_summary Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_file_io and x$host_summary_by_file_io Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_file_io_type and x$host_summary_by_file_io_type Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_stages and x$host_summary_by_stages Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_statement_type and x$host_summary_by_statement_type Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_buffer_stats_by_table and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_lock_waits and x$innodb_lock_waits Sys Schema Views
            • io_by_thread_by_latency and x$io_by_thread_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_file_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_file_by_latency and x$io_global_by_file_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_wait_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_wait_by_latency and x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • latest_file_io and x$latest_file_io Sys Schema Views
            • memory_by_host_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes Views
            • metrics Sys Schema View
            • privileges_by_table_by_level Sys Schema View
            • schema_auto_increment_columns Sys Schema View
            • schema_object_overview Sys Schema View
            • host_summary_by_statement_latency and x$host_summary_by_statement_latency Sys Schema Views
        • The mysql Database Tables
          • mysql.column_stats Table
          • mysql.columns_priv Table
          • mysql.db Table
          • mysql.event Table
          • mysql.func Table
          • mysql.general_log Table
          • mysql.global_priv Table
          • mysql.gtid_slave_pos Table
          • mysql.help_category Table
          • mysql.help_keyword Table
          • mysql.help_relation Table
          • mysql.help_topic Table
          • mysql.index_stats Table
          • mysql.innodb_index_stats
          • mysql.innodb_table_stats
          • mysql.password_reuse_check_history Table
          • mysql.plugin Table
          • mysql.proc Table
          • mysql.procs_priv Table
          • mysql.proxies_priv Table
          • mysql.roles_mapping Table
          • mysql.servers Table
          • mysql.slow_log Table
          • mysql.table_stats Table
          • mysql.tables_priv Table
          • mysql.time_zone Table
          • mysql.time_zone_leap_second Table
          • mysql.time_zone_name Table
          • mysql.time_zone_transition Table
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type Table
          • mysql.transaction_registry Table
          • mysql.user Table
          • Spider mysql Database Tables
            • mysql.spider_link_failed_log Table
            • mysql.spider_link_mon_servers Table
            • mysql.spider_table_crd Table
            • mysql.spider_table_position_for_recovery Table
            • mysql.spider_table_sts Table
            • mysql.spider_tables Table
            • mysql.spider_xa Table
            • mysql.spider_xa_failed_log Table
            • mysql.spider_xa_member Table
          • Obsolete mysql Database Tables
            • mysql.host Table
            • mysql.ndb_binlog_index Table
    • Data Definition (DDL)
      • Atomic DDL
      • CONSTRAINT
      • RENAME TABLE
      • ALTER
        • ALTER DATABASE
        • ALTER FUNCTION
        • ALTER LOGFILE GROUP
        • ALTER SERVER
        • ALTER TABLE
          • Online Schema Change
        • ALTER TABLESPACE
      • CREATE
        • CREATE DATABASE
        • CREATE EVENT
        • CREATE FUNCTION
        • CREATE INDEX
        • CREATE LOGFILE GROUP
        • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
        • CREATE PACKAGE
        • CREATE SERVER
        • CREATE TABLE
        • CREATE TABLESPACE
        • Generated Columns
        • Invisible Columns
        • Silent Column Changes
      • DROP
        • DROP DATABASE
        • DROP EVENT
        • DROP INDEX
        • DROP LOGFILE GROUP
        • DROP PACKAGE BODY
        • DROP PACKAGE
        • DROP SERVER
        • DROP TABLE
        • DROP TABLESPACE
        • DROP TRIGGER
    • Data Manipulation (DML)
      • Changing & Deleting Data
        • DELETE
        • HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY
        • REPLACE
        • REPLACE...RETURNING
        • UPDATE
      • Inserting & Loading Data
        • Concurrent Inserts
        • IGNORE
        • INSERT - Default & Duplicate Values
        • INSERT DELAYED
        • INSERT IGNORE
        • INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
        • INSERT SELECT
        • INSERT
        • INSERT...RETURNING
        • LOAD Data into Tables or Index
          • LOAD DATA INFILE
          • LOAD INDEX
          • LOAD XML
      • Selecting Data
        • DUAL
        • FOR UPDATE
        • GROUP BY
        • LIMIT
        • LOCK IN SHARE MODE
        • Optimizer Hints
        • ORDER BY
        • PROCEDURE
        • SELECT
        • SELECT INTO DUMPFILE
        • SELECT INTO OUTFILE
        • SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH
        • SELECT WITH ROLLUP
        • Common Table Expressions (CTE)
          • WITH
          • Non-Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
          • Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
        • Joins & Subqueries
          • EXCEPT
          • INTERSECT
          • MINUS
          • Precedence Control in Table Operations
          • UNION
          • Joins
            • Comma vs JOIN
            • JOIN Syntax
            • More Advanced Joins
          • Subqueries
            • Subqueries and ALL
            • Subqueries and ANY
            • Subqueries and EXISTS
            • Subqueries and JOINs
            • Subqueries in a FROM Clause (Derived Tables)
            • Row Subqueries
            • Scalar Subqueries
            • Subquery Limitations
    • Geometry Statements
      • Geometry Constructors
        • BUFFER
        • CONVEXHULL
        • GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
        • LINESTRING
        • MULTILINESTRING
        • MULTIPOINT
        • MULTIPOLYGON
        • POINT
        • PointOnSurface
        • POLYGON
        • ST_BUFFER
        • ST_CONVEXHULL
        • ST_INTERSECTION
        • ST_POINTONSURFACE
        • ST_SYMDIFFERENCE
        • ST_UNION
        • ST_AsGeoJSON
        • ST_GeomFromGeoJSON
      • Geometry Properties
        • DIMENSION
        • BOUNDARY
        • ENVELOPE
        • GeometryN
        • GeometryType
        • IsEmpty
        • IsSimple
        • NumGeometries
        • SRID
        • IsClosed
        • IsRing
        • ST_BOUNDARY
        • ST_DIMENSION
        • ST_ENVELOPE
        • ST_GEOMETRYN
        • ST_GEOMETRYTYPE
        • ST_ISCLOSED
        • ST_ISEMPTY
        • ST_IsRing
        • ST_IsSimple
        • ST_NUMGEOMETRIES
        • ST_RELATE
        • ST_SRID
      • Geometry Relations
        • CONTAINS
        • CROSSES
        • DISJOINT
        • EQUALS
        • INTERSECTS
        • OVERLAPS
        • ST_CONTAINS
        • ST_CROSSES
        • ST_EQUALS
        • ST_INTERSECTS
        • ST_OVERLAPS
        • ST_TOUCHES
        • ST_WITHIN
        • ST_DIFFERENCE
        • ST_DISJOINT
        • ST_DISTANCE
        • ST_DISTANCE_SPHERE
        • ST_LENGTH
        • TOUCHES
        • WITHIN
      • LineString Properties
        • GLENGTH
        • ENDPOINT
        • NumPoints
        • PointN
        • STARTPOINT
        • ST_ENDPOINT
        • ST_NUMPOINTS
        • ST_POINTN
        • ST_STARTPOINT
      • MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle)
        • MBR Definition
        • MBRContains
        • MBRCoveredBy
        • MBRDisjoint
        • MBREqual
        • MBRIntersects
        • MBROverlaps
        • MBRTouches
        • MBRWithin
      • Miscellaneous GIS functions
        • ST_Collect
        • ST_GeoHash
        • ST_IsValid
        • ST_LatFromGeoHash
        • ST_LongFromGeoHash
        • ST_PointFromGeoHash
        • ST_Simplify
        • ST_Validate
      • Point Properties
        • X
        • Y
        • ST_X
        • ST_Y
      • Polygon Properties
        • CENTROID
        • AREA
        • ExteriorRing
        • InteriorRingN
        • NumInteriorRings
        • ST_AREA
        • ST_CENTROID
        • ST_ExteriorRing
        • ST_InteriorRingN
        • ST_NumInteriorRings
      • WKB
        • AsWKB
        • GeometryCollectionFromWKB
        • GeometryFromWKB
        • LineStringFromWKB
        • MLineFromWKB
        • MPointFromWKB
        • MPolyFromWKB
        • MultiLineStringFromWKB
        • MultiPointFromWKB
        • MultiPolygonFromWKB
        • PolygonFromWKB
        • ST_AsBinary
        • ST_AsWKB
        • ST_GeomCollFromWKB
        • ST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB
        • ST_GeometryFromWKB
        • ST_GeomFromWKB
        • ST_LineFromWKB
        • ST_LineStringFromWKB
        • ST_MPointFromWKB
        • ST_MPolyFromWKB
        • ST_MultiPointFromWKB
        • ST_MultiPolygonFromWKB
        • ST_PointFromWKB
        • ST_PolyFromWKB
        • ST_PolygonFromWKB
        • Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
        • AsBinary
        • GeomCollFromWKB
        • GeomFromWKB
        • LineFromWKB
        • PointFromWKB
        • PolyFromWKB
      • WKT
        • WKT Definition
        • GeometryCollectionFromText
        • GeometryFromText
        • LineStringFromText
        • MLineFromText
        • MPointFromText
        • MPolyFromText
        • MultiLineStringFromText
        • MultiPointFromText
        • MultiPolygonFromText
        • PolygonFromText
        • ST_AsText
        • ST_ASWKT
        • ST_GeomCollFromText
        • ST_GeometryCollectionFromText
        • ST_GeometryFromText
        • ST_GeomFromText
        • ST_LineFromText
        • ST_LineStringFromText
        • ST_MPointFromText
        • ST_MPolyFromText
        • ST_MultiLineStringFromText
        • ST_MultiPointFromText
        • ST_MultiPolygonFromText
        • ST_PointFromText
        • ST_PolyFromText
        • ST_PolygonFromText
        • AsText
        • AsWKT
        • GeomCollFromText
        • GeomFromText
        • LineFromText
        • PointFromText
        • PolyFromText
        • ST_MLineFromText
    • Prepared Statements
      • DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE
      • EXECUTE Statement
      • EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
      • PREPARE Statement
      • Out Parameters in PREPARE
    • Programmatic & Compound Statements
      • BEGIN END
      • CASE Statement
      • DECLARE CONDITION
      • DECLARE HANDLER
      • DECLARE Variable
      • FOR
      • GOTO
      • IF
      • ITERATE
      • Labels
      • LEAVE
      • LOOP
      • REPEAT LOOP
      • RESIGNAL
      • RETURN
      • SELECT INTO
      • SET Variable
      • SIGNAL
      • WHILE
      • Using Compound Statements Outside of Stored Programs
      • Cursors
        • Cursor Overview
        • CLOSE
        • DECLARE CURSOR
        • FETCH
        • OPEN
      • Diagnostics
        • Diagnostics Area
        • GET DIAGNOSTICS
        • SQLSTATE
    • Stored Routine Statements
      • CALL
      • DO
    • Table Statements
      • ANALYZE TABLE
      • CHECK TABLE
      • CHECK VIEW
      • CHECKSUM TABLE
      • REPAIR TABLE
      • REPAIR VIEW
      • TRUNCATE TABLE
      • Obsolete Table Statements
        • BACKUP TABLE (removed)
        • RESTORE TABLE (removed)
    • Transactions
      • COMMIT
      • LOCK TABLES
      • Metadata Locking
      • ROLLBACK
      • SAVEPOINT
      • SET TRANSACTION
      • SQL statements Causing an Implicit Commit
      • START TRANSACTION
      • Transaction Timeouts
      • READ COMMITTED
      • READ UNCOMMITTED
      • REPEATABLE READ
      • SERIALIZABLE
      • UNLOCK TABLES
      • WAIT and NOWAIT
      • XA Transactions
  • SQL Functions
    • Functions & Operators
    • Aggregate Functions
      • AVG
      • BIT_AND
      • BIT_OR
      • BIT_XOR
      • COUNT DISTINCT
      • COUNT
      • GROUP_CONCAT
      • MAX
      • MIN
      • STD
      • STDDEV
      • STDDEV_POP
      • STDDEV_SAMP
      • SUM
      • VAR_POP
      • VAR_SAMP
      • VARIANCE
    • Control Flow Functions
      • CASE OPERATOR
      • DECODE_ORACLE
      • IF Function
      • IFNULL
      • NULLIF
      • NVL
      • NVL2
    • Date & Time Functions
      • Date and Time Units
      • ADD_MONTHS
      • ADDDATE
      • ADDTIME
      • CONVERT_TZ
      • CURDATE
      • CURRENT_DATE
      • CURRENT_TIME
      • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
      • CURTIME
      • DATE FUNCTION
      • DATE_ADD
      • DATE_FORMAT
      • DATE_SUB
      • DATEDIFF
      • DAY
      • DAYNAME
      • DAYOFMONTH
      • DAYOFWEEK
      • DAYOFYEAR
      • EXTRACT
      • FORMAT_PICO_TIME
      • FROM_DAYS
      • FROM_UNIXTIME
      • GET_FORMAT
      • HOUR
      • LAST_DAY
      • LOCALTIME
      • LOCALTIMESTAMP
      • MAKEDATE
      • MAKETIME
      • MICROSECOND
      • Microseconds in MariaDB
      • MINUTE
      • MONTH
      • MONTHNAME
      • NOW
      • PERIOD_ADD
      • PERIOD_DIFF
      • QUARTER
      • SEC_TO_TIME
      • SECOND
      • STR_TO_DATE
      • SUBDATE
      • SUBTIME
      • SYSDATE
      • TIME
      • TIME_FORMAT
      • TIME_TO_SEC
      • TIMEDIFF
      • TIMESTAMP
      • TIMESTAMPADD
      • TIMESTAMPDIFF
      • TO_DAYS
      • TO_SECONDS
      • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
      • UTC_DATE
      • UTC_TIME
      • UTC_TIMESTAMP
      • WEEK
      • WEEKDAY
      • WEEKOFYEAR
      • YEAR
      • YEARWEEK
    • Numeric Functions
      • ABS
      • ACOS
      • Addition Operator (+)
      • ASIN
      • ATAN
      • ATAN2
      • CEIL
      • CEILING
      • CONV
      • COS
      • COT
      • CRC32
      • CRC32C
      • DEGREES
      • DIV
      • Division Operator (/)
      • EXP
      • FLOOR
      • LN
      • LOG
      • LOG10
      • LOG2
      • MOD
      • Multiplication Operator (*)
      • OCT
      • PI
      • POW
      • POWER
      • RADIANS
      • RAND
      • ROUND
      • SIGN
      • SIN
      • SQRT
      • TAN
      • TRUNCATE
    • Pseudo Columns
      • _rowid
    • Secondary Functions
      • Bit Functions and Operators
        • BIT_COUNT
        • ~
        • |
        • ^
        • &
        • Parentheses
        • <<
        • >>
        • TRUE FALSE
      • Encryption, Hashing and Compression Functions
        • AES_DECRYPT
        • AES_ENCRYPT
        • COMPRESS
        • DECODE
        • DES_DECRYPT
        • DES_ENCRYPT
        • ENCODE
        • ENCRYPT
        • KDF
        • MD5
        • OLD_PASSWORD
        • PASSWORD
        • RANDOM_BYTES
        • SHA1
        • SHA2
        • UNCOMPRESS
        • UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
      • Information Functions
        • BENCHMARK
        • BINLOG_GTID_POS
        • CHARSET
        • COERCIBILITY
        • COLLATION
        • CONNECTION_ID
        • CURRENT_ROLE
        • CURRENT_USER
        • DATABASE
        • DECODE_HISTOGRAM
        • DEFAULT
        • FOUND_ROWS
        • LAST_INSERT_ID
        • LAST_VALUE
        • PROCEDURE ANALYSE
        • ROW_COUNT
        • ROWNUM
        • SCHEMA
        • SESSION_USER
        • SYSTEM_USER
        • USER
        • VERSION
      • Miscellaneous Functions
        • GET_LOCK
        • INET6_ATON
        • INET6_NTOA
        • INET_ATON
        • INET_NTOA
        • IS_FREE_LOCK
        • IS_IPV4
        • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
        • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
        • IS_IPV6
        • IS_USED_LOCK
        • MASTER_GTID_WAIT
        • MASTER_POS_WAIT
        • FORMAT_BYTES
        • NAME_CONST
        • RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS
        • RELEASE_LOCK
        • SLEEP
        • SYS_GUID
        • UUID
        • UUID_SHORT
        • UUID_v4
        • UUID_v7
        • VALUES / VALUE
    • Special Functions
      • Dynamic Columns Functions
        • COLUMN_ADD
        • COLUMN_CHECK
        • COLUMN_CREATE
        • COLUMN_DELETE
        • COLUMN_EXISTS
        • COLUMN_GET
        • COLUMN_JSON
        • COLUMN_LIST
      • Galera Functions
        • WSREP_LAST_SEEN_GTID
        • WSREP_LAST_WRITTEN_GTID
        • WSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID
      • Geographic Functions
      • JSON Functions
        • Differences between JSON_QUERY and JSON_VALUE
        • JSON_ARRAY
        • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
        • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
        • JSON_ARRAY_INTERSECT
        • JSON_ARRAYAGG
        • JSON_COMPACT
        • JSON_CONTAINS
        • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
        • JSON_DEPTH
        • JSON_DETAILED
        • JSON_EQUALS
        • JSON_EXISTS
        • JSON_EXTRACT
        • JSON_INSERT
        • JSON_KEY_VALUE
        • JSON_KEYS
        • JSON_LENGTH
        • JSON_LOOSE
        • JSON_MERGE
        • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
        • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
        • JSON_NORMALIZE
        • JSON_OBJECT
        • JSON_OBJECT_FILTER_KEYS
        • JSON_OBJECT_TO_ARRAY
        • JSON_OBJECTAGG
        • JSON_OVERLAPS
        • JSON_PRETTY
        • JSON_QUERY
        • JSON_QUOTE
        • JSON_REMOVE
        • JSON_REPLACE
        • JSON_SCHEMA_VALID
        • JSON_SEARCH
        • JSON_SET
        • JSON_TABLE
        • JSON_TYPE
        • JSON_UNQUOTE
        • JSON_VALID
        • JSON_VALUE
        • JSONPath Expressions
      • Window Functions
        • Window Functions Overview
        • Aggregate Functions as Window Functions
        • ColumnStore Window Functions
        • Window Frames
        • CUME_DIST
        • DENSE_RANK
        • FIRST_VALUE
        • LAG
        • LEAD
        • MEDIAN
        • NTH_VALUE
        • NTILE
        • PERCENT_RANK
        • PERCENTILE_CONT
        • PERCENTILE_DISC
        • RANK
        • ROW_NUMBER
    • String Functions
      • ASCII
      • BIN
      • BINARY Operator
      • BIT_LENGTH
      • CAST
      • CHAR Function
      • CHAR_LENGTH
      • CHARACTER_LENGTH
      • CHR
      • CONCAT
      • CONCAT_WS
      • CONVERT
      • ELT
      • EXPORT_SET
      • EXTRACTVALUE
      • FIELD
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    • Authentication Plugins
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      • Authentication Plugin - ed25519
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        • Authentication Plugin - PAM
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        • user-and-group-mapping-with-pam
    • Creating and Building Plugins
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      • Query Response Time Plugin
      • User Variables Plugin
    • Password Validation Plugins
      • Cracklib Password Check Plugin
      • Password Reuse Check Plugin
      • password_reuse_check_interval
      • Simple Password Check Plugin

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1. Reference

The letters SQL stand for Structured Query Language. As with all languages—even computer languages—there are grammar rules. This includes a certain structure to statements, acceptable punctuation (i.e., operators and delimiters), and a vocabulary (i.e., reserve words).

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