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READ COMMITTED | MariaDB Documentation

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• MariaDB Server Documentation
• Quickstart Guides
  • Installing MariaDB Server Guide
  • Adding & Changing Data Guide
  • Essential Queries Guide
  • Basics Guide
  • Altering Tables Guide
  • Connecting to MariaDB Guide
  • Troubleshooting Connection Issues Guide
  • Doing Time Guide
  • Importing Data Guide
  • Essentials of an Index Guide
  • Getting Started with Indexes Guide
  • Joining Tables with JOIN Clauses Guide
  • Configuring MariaDB for Remote Client Access Guide
  • Getting Data Guide
  • Basic SQL Statements Guide
  • Basic SQL Debugging Guide
  • MariaDB String Functions Guide
  • Restoring Data from Dump Files Guide
  • Changing Times in MariaDB
  • Making Backups with mariadb-dump Guide
  • A MariaDB Primer Guide
  • Creating & Using Views Guide
• Server Usage
  • Basics
    • A MariaDB Primer
    • Basic Queries
    • Basic SQL Debugging
    • Basic SQL Statements
    • Commonly Used Queries
    • String Functions
  • Connecting
    • Connecting to MariaDB Server
    • Fixing Connection Issues
    • Remote Client Access
  • Data Handling
    • Adding and Changing Data in MariaDB
    • Doing Time with MariaDB
    • Getting Data from MariaDB
    • Importing Data into MariaDB
  • Backup & Restore
    • Backup and Restore Overview
    • Backup and Restore with MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Backup Optimization
      • Forming a Backup Strategy
      • MariaDB Enterprise Backup
    • mariadb-backup
      • mariadb-backup Overview
      • mariadb-backup Options
      • Full Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Incremental Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Partial Backup and Restore with mariadb-backup
      • Restoring Individual Tables and Partitions with mariadb-backup
      • Setting up a Replica with mariadb-backup
      • Files Backed Up By mariadb-backup
      • Files Created by mariadb-backup
      • Using Encryption and Compression Tools With mariadb-backup
      • How mariadb-backup Works
      • mariadb-backup and BACKUP STAGE Commands
      • Individual Database Restores with mariadb-backup from Full Backup
    • Replication as a Backup Solution
    • Backup and Restore via dbForge Studio
  • Tables
    • Altering Tables in MariaDB
    • Joining Tables with JOIN
    • Indexes
    • Views
    • Copying Tables Between Databases and Servers
  • Partitioning Tables
    • Partitioning Overview
    • Partition Pruning and Selection
    • Partition Maintenance
    • Partitioning Types
      • Partitioning Types Overview
      • HASH Partitioning Type
      • KEY Partitioning Type
      • LINEAR HASH Partitioning Type
      • LINEAR KEY Partitioning Type
      • LIST Partitioning Type
      • RANGE COLUMNS and LIST COLUMNS Partitioning Types
      • RANGE Partitioning Type
    • Partitioning Limitations
    • Partitions Files
    • Partitions Metadata
  • Stored Routines
    • Stored Procedures
      • Stored Procedure Overview
      • CREATE PROCEDURE
      • ALTER PROCEDURE
      • DROP PROCEDURE
    • Stored Functions
      • Stored Function Overview
      • Stored Aggregate Functions
      • Stored Routine Privileges
      • DROP FUNCTION
      • Stored Function Limitations
    • Binary Logging of Stored Routines
    • Stored Routine Limitations
  • Storage Engines
    • Storage Engines Overview
    • Choosing the Right Storage Engine
    • InnoDB
      • InnoDB Storage Engine Introduction
      • InnoDB Versions
      • InnoDB File Format
      • InnoDB Limitations
      • AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
      • Binary Log Group Commit and InnoDB Flushing Performance
      • InnoDB Asynchronous I/O
      • InnoDB Buffer Pool
      • InnoDB Change Buffering
      • InnoDB Data Scrubbing
      • InnoDB Doublewrite Buffer
      • InnoDB Lock Modes
      • InnoDB Monitors
      • InnoDB Page Compression
      • InnoDB Page Flushing
      • InnoDB Purge
      • InnoDB Undo Log
      • InnoDB Redo Log
      • InnoDB Strict Mode
      • InnoDB System Variables
      • InnoDB Architecture for MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Background Thread Pool
        • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB I/O Threads
      • InnoDB Online DDL
        • InnoDB Online DDL Overview
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INPLACE Alter Algorithm
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the INSTANT Alter Algorithm
        • InnoDB Online DDL Operations with the NOCOPY Alter Algorithm
        • Instant ADD COLUMN for InnoDB
      • InnoDB Row Formats
        • InnoDB Row Formats Overview
        • InnoDB COMPACT Row Format
        • InnoDB COMPRESSED Row Format
        • InnoDB DYNAMIC Row Format
        • InnoDB REDUNDANT Row Format
        • Troubleshooting Row Size Too Large Errors with InnoDB
      • InnoDB Tablespaces
        • InnoDB File-Per-Table Tablespaces
        • InnoDB System Tablespaces
        • InnoDB Temporary Tablespaces
      • InnoDB Troubleshooting
        • InnoDB Troubleshooting Overview
        • InnoDB Data Dictionary Troubleshooting
        • InnoDB Recovery Modes
      • InnoDB - Unmaintained
        • About XtraDB
        • Using InnoDB Instead of XtraDB
      • MariaDB Enterprise Server InnoDB Operations
        • Configure the InnoDB Buffer Pool
        • Configure the InnoDB I/O Threads
        • Configure the InnoDB Purge Threads
        • Configure the InnoDB Redo Log
        • Configure the InnoDB Undo Log
        • Schema Changes
          • InnoDB Schema Changes
    • BLACKHOLE
    • MEMORY
    • MERGE
    • PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
    • Sequence
    • Archive
    • Aria
      • Aria Storage Engine
      • Aria Group Commit
      • Aria Status Variables
      • Aria Storage Formats
      • Aria System Variables
      • Aria Two-step Deadlock Detection
      • Aria FAQ
      • The Aria Name
    • CONNECT
      • Introduction to the CONNECT Engine
      • Using CONNECT
        • Using CONNECT - Condition Pushdown
        • Using CONNECT - Exporting Data From MariaDB
        • Using CONNECT - General Information
        • Using CONNECT - Importing File Data Into MariaDB Tables
        • Using CONNECT - Indexing
        • USING CONNECT - Offline Documentation
        • Using CONNECT - Partitioning and Sharding
        • Using CONNECT - Virtual and Special Columns
      • Installing
      • Create Table Options
      • Data Types
      • CONNECT Table Types
        • CONNECT Table Types Overview
        • CONNECT BIN Table Type
        • CONNECT CSV and FMT Table Types
        • CONNECT DBF Table Type
        • CONNECT DOS and FIX Table Types
        • CONNECT - External Table Types
        • CONNECT - Files Retrieved Using Rest Queries
        • CONNECT INI Table Type
        • CONNECT JDBC Table Type: Accessing Tables from Another DBMS
        • CONNECT JSON Table Type
        • CONNECT MONGO Table Type: Accessing Collections from MongoDB
        • CONNECT MYSQL Table Type: Accessing MySQL/MariaDB Tables
        • CONNECT - NoSQL Table Types
        • CONNECT OCCUR Table Type
        • CONNECT ODBC Table Type: Accessing Tables From Another DBMS
        • CONNECT PIVOT Table Type
        • CONNECT PROXY Table Type
        • CONNECT Table Types - Catalog Tables
        • CONNECT Table Types - Data Files
        • CONNECT Table Types - OEM: Implemented in an External LIB
        • CONNECT Table Types - Special "Virtual" Tables
        • CONNECT Table Types - VIR
        • CONNECT TBL Table Type: Table List
        • CONNECT - Using the TBL and MYSQL Table Types Together
        • CONNECT VEC Table Type
        • CONNECT XCOL Table Type
        • CONNECT XML Table Type
        • CONNECT Zipped File Tables
        • Inward and Outward Tables
      • Security
      • Connect System Variables
      • Adding the REST Feature as a Library Called by an OEM Table
      • Compiling JSON UDFs in a Separate Library
      • Making the GetRest Library
      • OEM Table Example
      • Current Status of the CONNECT Handler
      • JSON Sample Files
    • CSV
      • CSV Overview
      • Checking and Repairing CSV Tables
    • FederatedX
      • About FederatedX
      • Differences Between FederatedX and Federated
    • Mroonga
      • Mroonga Overview
      • About Mroonga
      • Mroonga Status Variables
      • Mroonga System Variables
      • Mroonga User-Defined Functions
        • Creating Mroonga User-Defined Functions
        • last_insert_grn_id
        • mroonga_command
        • mroonga_escape
        • mroonga_highlight_html
        • mroonga_normalize
        • mroonga_snippet
        • mroonga_snippet_html
    • MyISAM
      • MyISAM Overview
      • MyISAM Index Storage Space
      • MyISAM Storage Formats
      • MyISAM System Variables
    • MyRocks
      • About MyRocks for MariaDB
      • Building MyRocks in MariaDB
      • Differences Between MyRocks Variants
      • Getting Started with MyRocks
      • Loading Data Into MyRocks
      • Bloom Filters
      • CHECK TABLE
      • Data Compression
      • Group Commit with Binary log
      • Index-Only Scans
      • Replication
      • START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
      • MyRocks Column Families
      • MyRocks Performance Troubleshooting
      • Optimizer Statistics in MyRocks
      • MyRocks Transactional Isolation
      • MyRocks Status Variables
      • MyRocks System Variables
    • OQGRAPH
      • OQGRAPH Overview
      • Installing OQGRAPH
      • Compiling OQGRAPH
      • Building OQGRAPH Under Windows
      • OQGRAPH Examples
    • S3 Storage Engine
      • Using the S3 Storage Engine
      • S3 Status Variables
      • System Variables
      • Engine Internals
      • Testing Connections
      • aria_s3_copy
    • SphinxSE
      • About SphinxSE
      • Installing Sphinx
      • Installing and Testing SphinxSE with MariaDB
      • Configuring Sphinx
    • Spider
      • Spider Storage Engine Overview
      • Spider Storage Engine Introduction
        • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Schema Design
        • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Operations
          • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Spider Federated Overview
            • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
            • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Migrate Tables
          • ODBC MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Use Spider ODBC to connect to Oracle
          • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Operations
            • Spider Sharded Overview
            • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Add a Shard
            • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology Backup and Restore
      • Spider Differences Between SpiderForMySQL and MariaDB
      • Spider Feature Matrix
      • Spider Use Cases
      • Spider Installation
      • Spider Cluster Management
      • Spider Case Studies
      • Spider Benchmarks
      • Information Schema SPIDER_WRAPPER_PROTOCOLS Table
      • Spider Storage Engine Core Concepts
      • Spider System Variables
      • Spider Table Parameters
      • Spider Functions
        • SPIDER_BG_DIRECT_SQL
        • SPIDER_COPY_TABLES
        • SPIDER_DIRECT_SQL
        • SPIDER_FLUSH_TABLE_MON_CACHE
      • Spider FAQ
    • TokuDB
      • TokuDB Overview
      • Installing TokuDB
      • TokuDB Differences
      • TokuDB Resources
      • TokuDB Status Variables
      • TokuDB System Variables
    • Storage Engine Development
      • Engine-defined New Table/Field/Index Attributes
      • Storage Engine FAQ
      • Table Discovery (before 10.0.2)
      • Table Discovery
    • Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
    • Legacy Storage Engines
      • FEDERATED Storage Engine
      • Cassandra Storage Engine
        • Building Cassandra Storage Engine for Packaging
        • Building Cassandra Storage Engine
        • Cassandra Status Variables
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Future Plans
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Issues
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Overview
        • Cassandra Storage Engine Use Example
        • Cassandra System Variables
        • Handling Joins With Cassandra
        • Virtual Machine to Test the Cassandra Storage Engine
    • Machine Learning with MindsDB
  • Triggers & Events
    • Event Scheduler
      • Events Overview
      • ALTER EVENT
      • Event Limitations
    • Triggers
      • Trigger Overview
      • CREATE TRIGGER
      • Trigger Limitations
      • Triggers and Implicit Locks
  • User-Defined Functions
    • User-Defined Functions Overview
    • Creating User-Defined Functions
    • CREATE FUNCTION UDF
    • DROP FUNCTION UDF
    • User-Defined Functions Calling Sequences
    • User-Defined Functions Security
  • Views
    • ALTER VIEW
    • CREATE VIEW
    • DROP VIEW
    • Information Schema VIEWS Table
    • Inserting and Updating with Views
    • View Algorithms
• Server Management
  • Deployment
    • General Deployment Instructions
      • Best Practices
      • Deployment Methods
      • MariaDB ID Sign Up
      • Customer Download Token
    • Installing MariaDB
      • Compiling MariaDB From Source
        • Build Environment Setup for Mac
        • Building MariaDB on Gentoo
        • Building MariaDB on Windows
        • Creating a Debian Repository
        • Creating the MariaDB Source Tarball
        • Build Environment Setup for Linux
        • Building MariaDB from a Source RPM
        • Building MariaDB From Source Using musl-based GNU/Linux
        • Building MariaDB on Debian
        • Building MariaDB on Fedora
        • Building MariaDB on FreeBSD
        • Building MariaDB on Solaris and OpenSolaris
        • Building MariaDB on Ubuntu
        • Building RPM Packages From Source
        • Compile and Using MariaDB with Sanitizers (ASAN, UBSAN, TSAN, MSAN)
        • MariaDB Source Configuration Options
        • Compiling with the InnoDB Plugin from Oracle
        • Creating the MariaDB Binary Tarball
        • Cross-compiling MariaDB
        • Generic Build Instructions
        • Get, Build and Test Latest MariaDB the Lazy Way
        • Building MariaDB on CentOS
        • Compiling MariaDB with Extra Modules/Options
          • Compiling MariaDB with Vanilla XtraDB
          • Specifying Which Plugins to Build
          • Using MariaDB with TCMalloc or jemalloc
      • MariaDB Binary Packages
        • GPG
        • Installing MariaDB Alongside MySQL
        • Installing MariaDB Binary Tarballs
        • Installing MariaDB .deb Files
        • Installing MariaDB MSI Packages on Windows
        • Installing MariaDB Server on macOS Using Homebrew
        • Installing MariaDB Server PKG packages on macOS
        • Installing MariaDB Windows ZIP Packages
        • MariaDB Package Repository Setup and Usage
        • Deploy with Package Tarballs
        • Deploy with Local Package Repository Mirrors
        • Automated MariaDB Deployment and Administration
          • A Comparison Between Automation Systems
          • Automating MariaDB Tasks with Events
          • Automating Upgrades with MariaDB.Org Downloads REST API
          • HashiCorp Vault and MariaDB
          • Orchestrator Overview
          • Why to Automate MariaDB Deployments and Management
          • Ansible and MariaDB
            • Ansible Overview for MariaDB Users
            • Deploying Docker Containers with Ansible
            • Deploying to Remote Servers with Ansible
            • Existing Ansible Modules and Roles for MariaDB
            • Installing MariaDB .deb Files with Ansible
            • Managing Secrets in Ansible
            • Running mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql with Ansible
          • Puppet and MariaDB
            • Puppet Overview
            • Deploying Docker Containers with Puppet
            • Existing Puppet Modules for MariaDB
            • Puppet hiera Configuration System
            • Bolt Examples
          • MariaDB Containers
            • Adding Plugins to the MariaDB Docker Official Image
            • Benefits of Managing MariaDB Containers with Orchestration Software
            • Container Backup and Restoration
            • Container Security Concerns
            • Creating a Custom Container Image
            • Deploy MariaDB Enterprise Server with Docker
            • Docker and AWS EC2
            • Docker and Google Cloud
            • Docker and Microsoft Azure
            • Docker Official Image Frequently Asked Questions
            • Installing and Using MariaDB via Docker
            • MariaDB Container Cheat Sheet
            • MariaDB Server Docker Official Image Environment Variables
            • Setting Up a LAMP Stack with Docker Compose
            • using-healthcheck-sh
          • Kubernetes and MariaDB
            • Kubernetes Operators for MariaDB
            • Kubernetes Overview for MariaDB Users
          • Vagrant and MariaDB
            • Creating a Vagrantfile
            • Vagrant Overview for MariaDB Users
            • Vagrant Security Concerns
        • Installing MariaDB RPM Files
          • About the MariaDB RPM Files
          • Checking MariaDB RPM Package Signatures
          • Installing MariaDB With the rpm Tool
          • Installing MariaDB with zypper
          • MariaDB for DirectAdmin Using RPMs
          • MariaDB Installation (Version 10.1.21) via RPMs on CentOS 7
          • Troubleshooting MariaDB Installs on RHEL / CentOS
          • Why Source RPMs (SRPMs) Aren't Packaged For Some Platforms
          • Installing MariaDB with yum/dnf
      • Installing System Tables
        • Installing System Tables on Unix
        • Installing System Tables on Windows
      • Troubleshooting Installation Issues
        • Error: symbol mysql_get_server_name, version libmysqlclient_16 not defined
        • Installation issues on Windows
        • Installation Issues with PHP5
        • Installing on an Old Linux Version
        • Installation issues on Debian and Ubuntu
          • apt-upgrade Fails, But the Database is Running
          • Differences in MariaDB in Debian (and Ubuntu)
          • MariaDB 5.5.33 Debian and Ubuntu Installation Issues
          • MariaDB Debian Live Images
          • Moving from MySQL to MariaDB in Debian 9
      • Installing MariaDB on IBM Cloud
    • Configuring MariaDB
      • Configuring MariaDB with Option Files
      • MariaDB Environment Variables
      • Advanced Configuration
        • Atomic Write Support
        • Configuring Linux for MariaDB
        • Configuring MariaDB for Optimal Performance
        • Configuring Swappiness
        • Fusion-io
          • Fusion-io Introduction
          • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Changelog
          • MariaDB 10.0.15 Fusion-io Release Notes
    • Upgrading MariaDB
      • Upgrading Between Major MariaDB Versions
      • Upgrading Between Minor Versions on Linux
      • Upgrading MariaDB on Windows
      • Upgrading MariaDB Enterprise Server
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.8
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
        • Upgrade to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 11.4.X to 11.4.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.6.X to 10.6.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.5.X to 10.5.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.4.X to 10.4.Y
        • Upgrade MariaDB Enterprise Server from 10.3.X to 10.3.Y
      • Upgrading MariaDB Community Server to Enterprise Server
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 11.4
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.6
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.5
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.4
        • Upgrade from MariaDB Community Server to MariaDB Enterprise Server 10.3
      • Upgrading From/To Specific Versions
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.4 to MariaDB 11.8
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.3 to MariaDB 11.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.11
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.5 to MariaDB 10.6
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.4 to MariaDB 10.5
      • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
      • Upgrading to Unmaintained MariaDB Versions
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.2 to MariaDB 11.3
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.1 to MariaDB 11.2
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 11.0 to MariaDB 11.1
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.11 to MariaDB 11.0
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.7 to MariaDB 10.8
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.6 to MariaDB 10.7
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.3 to MariaDB 10.4
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.2 to MariaDB 10.3
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.1 to MariaDB 10.2
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 10.0 to MariaDB 10.1
        • Upgrading from MariaDB 5.3 to MariaDB 5.5
    • Downgrading MariaDB
    • Migrating to MariaDB
      • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL
        • Upgrading from MySQL to MariaDB
        • Migrating to MariaDB from MySQL - Obsolete Articles
          • Screencast for Upgrading MySQL to MariaDB (Obsolete)
          • Upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to MariaDB 10.2
          • Upgrading to MariaDB From MySQL 5.0 or Older
      • Migrating to MariaDB from PostgreSQL
      • Migrating to MariaDB from Oracle
        • Oracle XE 11.2. and MariaDB 10.1 integration on Ubuntu 14.04 and Debian systems
      • Migrating to MariaDB from SQL Server
        • MariaDB Authorization and Permissions for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Backups Overview for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Features Not Available in SQL Server
        • MariaDB Replication Overview for SQL Server Users
        • MariaDB Transactions and Isolation Levels for SQL Server Users
        • Moving Data Between SQL Server and MariaDB
        • Repairing MariaDB Tables for SQL Server Users
        • Setting Up MariaDB for Testing for SQL Server Users
        • SQL Server and MariaDB Types Comparison
        • SQL Server Features Implemented Differently in MariaDB
        • SQL Server Features Not Available in MariaDB
        • Syntax Differences between MariaDB and SQL Server
        • Understanding MariaDB Architecture
    • MariaDB on Amazon RDS
    • Puppet and MariaDB
  • Starting & Stopping
    • Starting and Stopping Overview
    • launchd
    • systemd
    • sysVinit
    • mariadbd-safe
    • mariadbd-multi
    • mariadbd Option
    • mariadbd
    • mysql.server
    • Running MariaDB from the Build Directory
    • Running Multiple MariaDB Server Processes
    • Specifying Permissions for Schema (Data) Directories and Tables
    • Switching Between Different Installed MariaDB Versions
    • What to Do if MariaDB Doesn't Start
  • Server Monitoring & Logs
    • Overview of MariaDB Logs
    • Binary Log
      • Overview of the Binary Log
      • Activating the Binary Log
      • Binary Log Formats
      • Compressing Events to Reduce Size of the Binary Log
      • Flashback
      • Group Commit for the Binary Log
      • Relay Log
      • Using and Maintaining the Binary Log
    • Slow Query Log
      • Slow Query Log Overview
      • EXPLAIN in the Slow Query Log
      • log_slow_always_query_time System Variable
    • Error Log
    • General Query Log
    • MyISAM Log
    • Rotating Logs on Unix and Linux
    • SQL Error Log Plugin
    • Writing Logs Into Tables
    • Transaction Coordinator Log
      • Transaction Coordinator Log Overview
      • Heuristic Recovery with the Transaction Coordinator Log
  • Variables and Modes
    • SQL_MODE
    • OLD_MODE
• Security
  • Securing MariaDB
    • Running mariadbd as root
    • SELinux
    • Encryption
      • TLS and Cryptography Libraries Used by MariaDB
      • Data-in-Transit Encryption
        • Certificate Creation with OpenSSL
        • Enabling TLS on MariaDB Server
        • Requiring TLS on MariaDB Server
        • Replication with Secure Connections
        • Secure Connections Overview
        • Securing Connections for Client and Server
        • SSL/TLS System Variables
        • Using TLSv1.3
      • Data-at-Rest Encryption
        • Data-at-Rest Encryption Overview
        • Encrypting Binary Logs
        • Why Encrypt MariaDB Data?
        • Aria Encryption
          • Aria Encryption Overview
          • Aria Disabling Encryption
          • Aria Enabling Encryption
          • Aria Encryption Keys
        • InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Encryption Overview
          • Disabling InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Background Encryption Threads
          • Enabling InnoDB Encryption
          • InnoDB Encryption Keys
          • InnoDB Encryption Troubleshooting
        • Key Management and Encryption Plugins
          • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Advanced Usage
          • Amazon Web Services (AWS) Key Management Service (KMS) Encryption Plugin Setup Guide
          • AWS Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • Encryption Key Management
          • Eperi Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • File Key Management Encryption Plugin
          • Hashicorp Key Management Plugin
    • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB
    • Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in Oracle MySQL That Did Not Exist in MariaDB
  • User Account Management
    • Roles
      • Roles Overview
    • Account Locking
    • Authentication from MariaDB 10.4
    • Incrementing of the access_denied_errors status variable
    • User Password Expiry
    • Catalogs
      • Catalogs Overview
      • Starting with Catalogs
      • Catalog-Specific Functions and Variables
      • Catalog Status Variables
      • Connecting to a Server Configured for Catalogs
      • CREATE CATALOG
      • SHOW CREATE CATALOG
      • SHOW CATALOGS
      • USE CATALOG
      • DROP CATALOG
  • Authentication with Enterprise Server
    • Authentication for MariaDB Enterprise Server
    • Authentication with gssapi
  • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables
    • Limiting Size of Created Disk Temporary Files and Tables Overview
    • max_tmp_session_space_usage System Variable
    • max_tmp_total_space_usage System Variable
• Architecture
  • Topologies
    • Topologies Overview
    • Columnstore Object Storage
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
      • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
      • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 9: Import Data
    • ColumnStore Shared Local Storage
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Nodes
      • Step 2: Configure Shared Local Storage
      • Step 3: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 6: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 8: Test MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 9: Import Data
    • Galera Cluster
      • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 3: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 5: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 6: Test MariaDB MaxScale
    • HTAP
      • Step 1: Prepare ColumnStore Node
      • Step 2: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
    • Primary/Replica
      • Step 1: Install MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 2: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Primary Server
      • Step 3: Start and Configure MariaDB Enterprise Server on Replica Servers
      • Step 4: Test MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • Step 5: Install MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 6: Start and Configure MariaDB MaxScale
      • Step 7: Test MariaDB MaxScale
    • Single Node Topologies
      • Community Server
      • Community Server with ColumnStore
      • Enterprise Server
      • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Local Storage)
        • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
      • Enterprise Server with ColumnStore (Object Storage)
        • Step 1: Prepare Systems for Enterprise ColumnStore Nodes
        • Step 2: Install Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 3: Start and Configure Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 4: Test Enterprise ColumnStore
        • Step 5: Bulk Import of Data
    • Spider Storage Engine
    • MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topologies
      • Federated MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
      • ODBC MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
      • Sharded MariaDB Enterprise Spider Topology
    • Spider Federated
      • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
      • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Node
      • Step 3: Test Spider Federated Topology
    • Spider Sharded
      • Step 1: Install Enterprise Spider
      • Step 2: Configure Spider Node and Data Nodes
      • Step 3: Test Spider Sharded Topology
  • Server Constraints
    • Server Constraints Overview
    • AUTO_INCREMENT Constraints
    • FOREIGN KEY Constraints
    • NOT NULL Constraints
    • PRIMARY KEY Constraints
    • UNIQUE Constraints
• Clients & Utilities
  • Administrative Tools
    • dbdeployer
    • innochecksum
    • mariadb-access
    • mariadb-admin
    • mariadb-conv
    • mariadb-setpermission
    • mariadb-show
    • mariadb-plugin
    • mariadb-report
    • mariadb-find-rows
    • mariadb-tzinfo-to-sql
    • mariadb-waitpid
    • my_print_defaults
    • mariadb-embedded
    • perror
    • replace
    • resolve_stack_dump
  • Aria Clients and Utilities
    • aria_chk
    • aria_pack
    • aria_read_log
  • Backup, Restore and Import Clients
    • mariadb-dump
    • mariadb-hotcopy
    • mariadb-import
    • Data Import with MariaDB Enterprise Server
      • LOAD DATA With LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE
      • mariadb-import-utility
    • Backup/Restore + Data Export/Import via dbForge Studio
  • Deployment Tools
    • mariadb-install-db
    • mariadb-upgrade
    • mariadb-secure-installation
  • Graphical and Enhanced Clients
    • Adminer
    • Beekeeper Studio
    • SQL Diagnostic Manager & SQLyog
    • Database Workbench
    • dbForge Data Compare
    • dbForge Data Generator
    • dbForge Documenter for MariaDB and MySQL
    • dbForge Edge
    • dbForge Fusion: MySQL & MariaDB Plugin for VS
    • dbForge Query Builder for MySQL & MariaDB
    • dbForge Schema Compare for MariaDB & MySQL
    • dbForge Studio for MariaDB
    • DbSchema
    • DbVisualizer
    • DeZign for Databases
    • ERBuilder Data Modeler
    • DBeaver
    • OmniDB
    • Sequel Pro
    • HeidiSQL
    • Improved SQL Document Parser Performance in Updated dbForge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
    • KS DB Merge Tools for MySQL and MariaDB
    • LibreOffice Base
    • Luna Modeler
    • mycli
    • Navicat
    • ocelotgui
    • phpMyAdmin
    • Querious
    • SB Data Generator
    • SQLPro Studio
    • SQLyog: Community Edition
    • TablePlus
    • TOAD Edge
    • TOAD for MySQL
    • Valentina Studio
    • MariaDB Direct Query Adapter For Microsoft Power BI
    • dbForge Studio for MySQL/MariaDB
  • Logging Tools
    • mariadb-binlog
      • mysqlbinlog
      • Using mariadb-binlog
      • mariadb-binlog Options
      • Annotate_rows_log_event
    • mariadb-dumpslow
  • mariadb Client
    • mariadb Command-Line Client
    • mysql Command-Line Client
    • Delimiters
  • Networking Tools
    • resolveip
  • Table Tools
    • mariadb-check
    • mariadb-convert-table-format
    • mariadb-fix-extensions
  • Testing Tools
    • mariadb-slap
    • mariadb-stress-test
    • mariadb-test
      • mariadb-test Overview
      • Installing MinIO for Usage With mariadb-test-run
      • mariadb-test Auxiliary Files
      • mariadb-test-run.pl Options
      • New Features for mysqltest in MariaDB
      • Pausing mariadb-test-run.pl
      • The Debug Sync Facility
  • MyISAM Clients and Utilities
    • Memory and Disk Use With myisamchk
    • MyISAM Database Management using GUI Client
    • myisam_ftdump
    • myisamchk Table Information
    • myisamchk
    • myisamlog
    • myisampack
  • Server & Client Software
    • About MariaDB Software
    • Applications Supporting MariaDB
    • About the MariaDB Foundation
    • Client Libraries
      • Connect and Query
      • Proxy Protocol Support
      • Client/Server Protocol
        • 0 - Packet
        • MariaDB Protocol Differences with MySQL
        • Protocol data types
        • 1 - Connecting
          • caching_sha2_password Authentication Plugin
          • Connecting
          • sha256_password Plugin
        • 2 - Text Protocol
          • COM_CHANGE_USER
          • COM_CREATE_DB
          • COM_DEBUG
          • COM_DROP_DB
          • COM_FIELD_LIST
          • COM_INIT_DB
          • COM_PING
          • COM_PROCESS_KILL
          • COM_PROCESSLIST
          • COM_QUERY
          • COM_QUIT
          • COM_RESET_CONNECTION
          • COM_SET_OPTION
          • COM_SHUTDOWN
          • COM_SLEEP
          • COM_STATISTICS
        • 3 - Binary Protocol (Prepared Statements)
          • COM_STMT_CLOSE
          • COM_STMT_BULK_EXECUTE
          • COM_STMT_EXECUTE
          • COM_STMT_FETCH
          • COM_STMT_PREPARE
          • COM_STMT_RESET
          • COM_STMT_SEND_LONG_DATA
          • Server Response Packets (Binary Protocol)
            • PACKET_BINDATA
        • 4 - Server Response Packets
          • EOF_Packet
          • ERR_Packet
          • OK_Packet
          • LOCAL_INFILE Packet
          • Result Set Packets
          • Resultset row
        • Replication Protocol
          • 1-Binlog Events
          • 2-Binlog Event Header
          • 3-Binlog Network Stream
          • 4-Semi-Sync Replication
          • 5-Replica Registration
          • ANNOTATE_ROWS_EVENT
          • BEGIN_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
          • BINLOG_CHECKPOINT_EVENT
          • COM_BINLOG_DUMP
          • COM_REGISTER_SLAVE
          • EXECUTE_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT
          • Fake GTID_LIST event
          • Fake ROTATE_EVENT
          • FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT
          • GTID_EVENT
          • GTID_LIST_EVENT
          • HEARTBEAT_LOG_EVENT
          • INTVAR_EVENT
          • QUERY_EVENT
          • RAND_EVENT
          • ROTATE_EVENT
          • ROWS_EVENT_V1/V2, ROWS_COMPRESSED_EVENT_V1
          • START_ENCRYPTION_EVENT
          • STOP_EVENT
          • TABLE_MAP_EVENT
          • USER_VAR_EVENT
          • XA_PREPARE_LOG_EVENT
          • XID_EVENT
    • Downloads
      • MariaDB Source Code
      • MariaDB RPM Packages
      • Mirror Sites for MariaDB
      • Where to Download MariaDB
  • Legacy Clients and Utilities
    • Analyzing Tools
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer
      • EXPLAIN Analyzer API
    • mysqld_safe
    • MySQL Sandbox
    • mysql_convert_table_format
    • mysql_embedded
    • mysql_find_rows
    • mysql_fix_extensions
    • mysql_install_db
    • mysql_plugin
    • mysql_secure_installation
    • mysql_setpermission
    • mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
    • mysql_upgrade
    • mysql_waitpid
    • mysql_zap
    • mysqlaccess
    • mysqladmin
    • mysqlcheck
    • mysqld_multi
    • mysqldump
    • mysqldumpslow
    • mysqlhotcopy
    • mysqlimport
    • mysqlreport
    • mysqlshow
    • mysqlslap
    • Percona XtraBackup
      • Percona XtraBackup Overview
      • Percona XtraBackup Build Instructions
    • msql2mysql
    • xtstat
• HA & Performance
  • Optimization and Tuning
    • Buffers, Caches and Threads
      • Query Cache
      • Thread Command Values
      • Thread Pool
        • Thread Pool in MariaDB
        • Thread Groups in the Unix Implementation of the Thread Pool
        • Thread Pool System and Status Variables
        • Thread Pool in MariaDB 5.1 - 5.3
      • Thread States
        • Delayed Insert Connection Thread States
        • Delayed Insert Handler Thread States
        • Event Scheduler Thread States
        • General Thread States
        • Master Thread States
        • Query Cache Thread States
        • Replica I/O Thread States
        • Replica Connection Thread States
        • Replica SQL Thread States
    • MariaDB Internal Optimizations
      • Fair Choice Between Range and Index_merge Optimizations
      • Multi Range Read Optimization
    • Operating System Optimizations
      • Filesystem Optimizations
    • Optimization and Indexes
      • Building the best INDEX for a given SELECT
      • Compound (Composite) Indexes
      • Foreign Keys
      • Ignored Indexes
      • Index Statistics
      • Latitude/Longitude Indexing
      • Primary Keys with Nullable Columns
      • Storage Engine Index Types
      • Full-Text Indexes
        • Full-Text Index Overview
        • Full-Text Index Stopwords
    • Compression
      • Compression Plugins
      • Storage-Engine Independent Column Compression
    • Optimizing Data Structure
      • Numeric vs String Fields
      • Optimizing MEMORY Tables
      • Optimizing String and Character Fields
    • Optimizing Tables
      • OPTIMIZE TABLE
      • Defragmenting InnoDB Tablespaces
      • Entity-Attribute-Value Implementation
      • IP Range Table Performance
    • Optimizing Queries
      • Aborting Statements that Exceed a Certain Time to Execute
      • Big DELETEs
      • Charset Narrowing Optimization
      • Data Sampling: Techniques for Efficiently Finding a Random Row
      • Data Warehousing High Speed Ingestion
      • Data Warehousing Summary Tables
      • Data Warehousing Techniques
      • DISTINCT removal in aggregate functions
      • Equality propagation optimization
      • Filesort with Small LIMIT Optimization
      • FORCE INDEX
      • Groupwise Max in MariaDB
      • GUID/UUID Performance
      • hash_join_cardinality optimizer_switch Flag
      • How to Quickly Insert Data Into MariaDB
      • IGNORE INDEX
      • Index Condition Pushdown
      • Index Hints: How to Force Query Plans
      • index_merge sort_intersection
      • LIMIT ROWS EXAMINED
      • MariaDB 5.3 Optimizer Debugging
      • not_null_range_scan Optimization
      • optimizer_switch
      • optimizer_adjust_secondary_key_costs
      • optimizer_join_limit_pref_ratio Optimization
      • Optimizing for "Latest News"-style Queries
      • Pagination Optimization
      • Pivoting in MariaDB
      • Query Limits and Timeouts
      • Rollup Unique User Counts
      • Rowid Filtering Optimization
      • Sargable DATE and YEAR
      • Sargable UPPER
      • USE INDEX
      • Virtual Column Support in the Optimizer
      • Optimization Strategies
        • Duplicate Weedout Strategy
        • FirstMatch Strategy
        • Improvements to ORDER BY Optimization
        • LooseScan Strategy
        • Semi-join Materialization Strategy
      • Optimizations for Derived Tables
        • Condition Pushdown into Derived Table Optimization
        • Derived Table Merge Optimization
        • Derived Table with Key Optimization
        • Lateral Derived Optimization
        • Split Materialized Optimization
      • Statistics for Optimizing Queries
        • Engine-Independent Table Statistics
        • Histogram-Based Statistics
        • InnoDB Persistent Statistics
        • Slow Query Log Extended Statistics
        • User Statistics
      • Subquery Optimizations
        • Condition Pushdown Into IN subqueries
        • Conversion of Big IN Predicates Into Subqueries
        • EXISTS-to-IN Optimization
        • Non-semi-join Subquery Optimizations
        • Optimizing GROUP BY and DISTINCT Clauses in Subqueries
        • Semi-join Subquery Optimizations
        • Subquery Cache
        • Subquery Optimizations Map
        • Table Pullout Optimization
      • Table Elimination
        • Table Elimination External Resources
        • Table Elimination in MariaDB
        • Table Elimination in Other Databases
        • Table Elimination User Interface
        • What is Table Elimination?
    • System Variables
      • Big Query Settings
      • Handling Too Many Connections
      • MariaDB Optimization for MySQL Users
      • Optimizing key_buffer_size
      • Optimizing table_open_cache
      • OQGRAPH System and Status Variables
      • Sample my.cnf Files
      • Segmented Key Cache
      • Semisynchronous Replication Plugin Status Variables
      • Server Status Variables
      • Server System Variables
      • InnoDB Server Status Variables
      • Setting Innodb Buffer Pool Size Dynamically
      • Sphinx Status Variables
      • Spider Status Variables
      • SQL Error Log System Variables and Options
      • SSL/TLS Status Variables
      • System and Status Variables Added By Major Release
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 12.1
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.8
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.4
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.11
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.6
        • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
        • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.5
        • System and Status Variables Added By Major Unmaintained Release
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.7
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.6
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.5
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.3
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.2
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.1
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 11.0
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.10
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.9
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.8
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.4
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.3
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.2
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.1
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
          • Status Variables Added in MariaDB 10.0
          • System Variables Added in MariaDB 5.5
  • MariaDB Replication
    • Replication Overview
    • Replication Statements
    • Setting Up Replication
    • Global Transaction ID
    • Read-Only Replicas
    • Multi-Source Replication
    • Multi-Master Ring Replication
    • Delayed Replication
    • Parallel Replication
    • Semisynchronous Replication
    • Row-based Replication With No Primary Key
    • Unsafe Statements for Statement-Based Replication
    • Replication Filters
    • Replication Threads
    • Replication and Foreign Keys
    • Replication and Binary Log System Variables
    • Replication and Binary Log Status Variables
    • Binlog Event Checksum Interoperability
    • Binlog Event Checksums
    • Changing a Replica to Become the Primary
    • Replication When the Primary and Replica Have Different Table Definitions
    • Enhancements for START TRANSACTION WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
    • Restricting Speed of Reading Binlog from Primary by a Replica
    • Running Triggers on the Replica for Row-based Events
    • Selectively Skipping Replication of Binlog Events
    • Obsolete Replication Information
      • LOAD DATA FROM MASTER (removed)
      • LOAD TABLE FROM MASTER (removed)
      • MariaDB 5.2 Replication Feature Preview
      • XtraDB option --innodb-release-locks-early
  • Benchmarking
  • MariaDB Memory Allocation
  • Hardware Optimization
  • Connection Redirection Mechanism in the MariaDB Client/Server Protocol
• Reference
  • Options, System & Status Variables
  • SQL Structure
    • Joins, Subqueries, and Set
    • Geometry
      • Geometry Hierarchy
      • Geometry Types
      • GIS Features
      • GIS Resources
      • MySQL/MariaDB Spatial Support Matrix
      • SPATIAL INDEX
    • NoSQL
      • Dynamic Column API
      • Dynamic Columns API
      • Dynamic Columns from MariaDB 10
      • Dynamic Columns
      • HANDLER
        • HANDLER Commands
        • HANDLER for MEMORY Tables
      • HandlerSocket
        • HandlerSocket Client Libraries
        • HandlerSocket Configuration Options
        • HandlerSocket External Resources
        • HandlerSocket Installation
        • Testing HandlerSocket in a Source Distribution
    • Operators
      • Operator Precedence
      • Arithmetic Operators
        • Modulo Operator (%)
        • Subtraction Operator (-)
      • Assignment Operators
        • Assignment Operator (:=)
        • Assignment Operator (=)
      • Comparison Operators
        • BETWEEN AND
        • COALESCE
        • =
        • >=
        • >
        • GREATEST
        • IN
        • INTERVAL
        • IS NOT NULL
        • IS NOT
        • IS NULL
        • IS
        • ISNULL
        • LEAST
        • <=
        • <
        • NOT BETWEEN
        • !=
        • NOT IN
        • <=>
      • Logical Operators
        • &&
        • !
        • ||
        • XOR
    • Sequences
      • ALTER SEQUENCE
      • CREATE SEQUENCE
      • DROP SEQUENCE
      • Sequence Overview
      • SEQUENCE Functions
        • LASTVAL
        • NEXT VALUE for sequence_name
        • NEXTVAL
        • PREVIOUS VALUE FOR sequence_name
        • SETVAL
    • SQL Language Structure
      • Binary Literals
      • Date and Time Literals
      • Hexadecimal Literals
      • Identifier Case-sensitivity
      • Identifier Names
      • Identifier Qualifiers
      • Identifier to File Name Mapping
      • Numeric Literals
      • Reserved Words
      • Boolean Literals
      • String Literals
      • Table Value Constructors
      • User-Defined Variables
    • Temporal Tables
      • Application-Time Periods
      • Bitemporal Tables
      • System-Versioned Tables
    • Vectors
      • Vector Overview
      • CREATE TABLE with Vectors
      • Vector System Variables
      • Vector Functions
        • VEC_DISTANCE_COSINE
        • VEC_DISTANCE_EUCLIDEAN
        • VEC_FromText
        • VEC_ToText
        • VEC_DISTANCE
      • Vector Framework Integrations
  • SQL Statements
    • Comment Syntax
    • Account Management
      • ALTER USER
      • CREATE ROLE
      • CREATE USER
      • DROP ROLE
      • DROP USER
      • GRANT
      • RENAME USER
      • REVOKE
      • SET DEFAULT ROLE
      • SET PASSWORD
      • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
      • SET ROLE
    • Administrative Statements
      • BINLOG
      • CACHE INDEX
      • DESCRIBE
      • HELP Command
      • KILL
      • PURGE BINARY LOGS
      • RESET
      • SHUTDOWN
      • USE [DATABASE]
      • ANALYZE and EXPLAIN Statements
        • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON
        • ANALYZE FORMAT=JSON Examples
        • ANALYZE: Interpreting rows and filtered members
        • ANALYZE Statement
        • EXPLAIN ANALYZE
        • EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON
        • EXPLAIN
        • Using Buffer UPDATE Algorithm
      • BACKUP Statements
        • BACKUP LOCK
        • BACKUP STAGE
        • Storage Snapshots and BACKUP STAGE Statements
      • FLUSH Statements
        • FLUSH QUERY CACHE
        • FLUSH TABLES FOR EXPORT
        • FLUSH
      • Plugin Statements
        • INSTALL PLUGIN
        • INSTALL SONAME
        • UNINSTALL PLUGIN
        • UNINSTALL SONAME
      • Replication Statements
        • CHANGE MASTER TO
        • RESET MASTER
        • RESET REPLICA
        • SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER
        • START REPLICA
        • STOP REPLICA
        • Legacy Replication Statements
          • RESET SLAVE
          • SHOW SLAVE HOSTS
          • SHOW SLAVE STATUS
          • START SLAVE
          • STOP SLAVE
      • SET Statements
        • SET
        • SET SQL_LOG_BIN
        • SET STATEMENT
      • SHOW Statements
        • About SHOW
        • Extended SHOW
        • SHOW ANALYZE
        • SHOW AUTHORS
        • SHOW BINARY LOGS
        • SHOW BINLOG EVENTS
        • SHOW MASTER STATUS
        • SHOW CHARACTER SET
        • SHOW CLIENT_STATISTICS
        • SHOW COLLATION
        • SHOW COLUMNS
        • SHOW CONTRIBUTORS
        • SHOW CREATE DATABASE
        • SHOW CREATE EVENT
        • SHOW CREATE FUNCTION
        • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE BODY
        • SHOW CREATE PACKAGE
        • SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE
        • SHOW CREATE SEQUENCE
        • SHOW CREATE SERVER
        • SHOW CREATE TABLE
        • SHOW CREATE TRIGGER
        • SHOW CREATE USER
        • SHOW CREATE VIEW
        • SHOW DATABASES
        • SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS
        • SHOW ENGINE
        • SHOW ENGINES
        • SHOW ERRORS
        • SHOW EVENTS
        • SHOW EXPLAIN
        • SHOW FUNCTION CODE
        • SHOW FUNCTION STATUS
        • SHOW GRANTS
        • SHOW INDEX_STATISTICS
        • SHOW INDEX
        • SHOW INNODB STATUS (removed)
        • SHOW LOCALES
        • SHOW OPEN TABLES
        • SHOW PACKAGE BODY STATUS
        • SHOW PACKAGE STATUS
        • SHOW PLUGINS SONAME
        • SHOW PLUGINS
        • SHOW PRIVILEGES
        • SHOW PROCEDURE CODE
        • SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS
        • SHOW PROCESSLIST
        • SHOW PROFILE
        • SHOW PROFILES
        • SHOW QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME
        • SHOW RELAYLOG EVENTS
        • SHOW REPLICA HOSTS
        • SHOW REPLICA STATUS
        • SHOW STATUS
        • SHOW TABLE_STATISTICS
        • SHOW TABLE STATUS
        • SHOW TABLES
        • SHOW TRIGGERS
        • SHOW USER_STATISTICS
        • SHOW USER_VARIABLES
        • SHOW VARIABLES
        • SHOW WARNINGS
        • SHOW WSREP_MEMBERSHIP
        • SHOW WSREP_STATUS
      • System Tables
        • mariadb_schema
        • Information Schema
          • TIME_MS column in INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PROCESSLIST
          • Information Schema Tables
            • Information Schema ALL_PLUGINS Table
            • Information Schema APPLICABLE_ROLES Table
            • Information Schema CATALOG Table
            • Information Schema CHARACTER_SETS Table
            • Information Schema CHECK_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema CLIENT_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
            • Information Schema COLLATIONS Table
            • Information Schema COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema COLUMNS Table
            • Information Schema DISKS Table
            • Information Schema ENABLED_ROLES Table
            • Information Schema ENGINES Table
            • Information Schema EVENTS Table
            • Information Schema FEEDBACK Table
            • Information Schema FILES Table
            • Information Schema GEOMETRY_COLUMNS Table
            • Information Schema GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
            • Information Schema GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
            • Information Schema INDEX_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema KEY_CACHES Table
            • Information Schema KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
            • Information Schema KEY_PERIOD_USAGE Table
            • Information Schema KEYWORDS Table
            • Information Schema LOCALES Table
            • Information Schema METADATA_LOCK_INFO Table
            • Information Schema MROONGA_STATS Table
            • Information Schema OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
            • Information Schema PARAMETERS Table
            • Information Schema PARTITIONS Table
            • Information Schema PERIODS Table
            • Information Schema PLUGINS Table
            • Information Schema PROCESSLIST Table
            • Information Schema PROFILING Table
            • Information Schema QUERY_CACHE_INFO Table
            • Information Schema QUERY_RESPONSE_TIME Table
            • Information Schema REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema ROUTINES Table
            • Information Schema SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema SCHEMATA Table
            • Information Schema SEQUENCES Table
            • Information Schema SLAVE_STATUS Table
            • Information Schema SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table
            • Information Schema SPIDER_ALLOC_MEM Table
            • Information Schema SQL_FUNCTIONS Table
            • Information Schema STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema SYSTEM_VARIABLES Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema TABLE_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema TABLES Table
            • Information Schema TABLESPACES Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_GROUPS Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_QUEUES Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_STATS Table
            • Information Schema THREAD_POOL_WAITS Table
            • Information Schema TRIGGERS Table
            • Information Schema USER_PRIVILEGES Table
            • Information Schema USER_STATISTICS Table
            • Information Schema USER_VARIABLES Table
            • Information Schema USERS Table
            • Information Schema WSREP_MEMBERSHIP Table
            • Information Schema WSREP_STATUS Table
            • Information Schema InnoDB Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_BLOB Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_PAGES_INDEX Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_CHANGED_PAGES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_LOCKS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_METRICS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_MUTEXES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_TRX Table
              • Information Schema TEMP_TABLES_INFO Table
            • Information Schema MyRocks Tables
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CF_OPTIONS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_CFSTATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_COMPACTION_STATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DBSTATS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DDL Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_DEADLOCK Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_GLOBAL_INFO Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_INDEX_FILE_MAP Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_LOCKS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_PERF_CONTEXT_GLOBAL Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_SST_PROPS Table
              • Information Schema ROCKSDB_TRX Table
            • Information Schema XtraDB Tables
              • Information Schema CHANGED_PAGE_BITMAPS Table
              • Information Schema INNODB_UNDO_LOGS Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_INTERNAL_HASH_TABLES Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_READ_VIEW Table
              • Information Schema XTRADB_RSEG Table
        • Performance Schema
          • Performance Schema Digests
          • Performance Schema Overview
          • Performance Schema Status Variables
          • Performance Schema System Variables
          • Performance Schema Tables
            • List of Performance Schema Tables
            • Performance Schema accounts Table
            • Performance Schema cond_instances Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_digest Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_program Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_current Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_history Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_history_long Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema file_instances Table
            • Performance Schema file_summary_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema file_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema global_status Table
            • Performance Schema host_cache Table
            • Performance Schema hosts Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema memory_summary_global_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema metadata_locks Table
            • Performance Schema mutex_instances Table
            • Performance Schema objects_summary_global_by_type Table
            • Performance Schema performance_timers Table
            • Performance Schema prepared_statements_instances Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_configuration Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_coordinator Table
            • Performance Schema replication_applier_status_by_worker Table
            • Performance Schema replication_connection_configuration Table
            • Performance Schema rwlock_instances Table
            • Performance Schema session_account_connect_attrs Table
            • Performance Schema session_connect_attrs Table
            • Performance Schema session_status Table
            • Performance Schema setup_actors Table
            • Performance Schema setup_consumers Table
            • Performance Schema setup_instruments Table
            • Performance Schema setup_objects Table
            • Performance Schema setup_timers Table
            • Performance Schema socket_instances Table
            • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_event_name Table
            • Performance Schema socket_summary_by_instance Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_account Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_host Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_thread Table
            • Performance Schema status_by_user Table
            • Performance Schema table_handles Table
            • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage Table
            • Performance Schema table_io_waits_summary_by_table Table
            • Performance Schema table_lock_waits_summary_by_table Table
            • Performance Schema threads Table
            • Performance Schema user_variables_by_thread Table
            • Performance Schema users Table
        • Sys Schema
          • Sys Schema sys_config Table
          • Sys Schema Stored Functions
            • extract_schema_from_file_name
            • extract_table_from_file_name
            • format_path
            • format_statement
            • format_time
            • list_add
            • list_drop
            • ps_is_account_enabled
            • ps_is_consumer_enabled
            • ps_is_instrument_default_enabled
            • ps_is_instrument_default_timed
            • ps_is_thread_instrumented
            • ps_thread_account
            • ps_thread_id
            • ps_thread_stack
            • ps_thread_trx_info
            • quote_identifier
            • sys_get_config
            • format_bytes
            • version_major
            • version_minor
            • version_patch
          • Sys Schema Stored Procedures
            • create_synonym_db
            • optimizer_switch Helper Functions
            • ps_trace_statement_digest
            • ps_trace_thread
            • ps_truncate_all_tables
            • statement_performance_analyzer
            • table_exists
          • Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary and x$host_summary Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_file_io and x$host_summary_by_file_io Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_file_io_type and x$host_summary_by_file_io_type Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_stages and x$host_summary_by_stages Sys Schema Views
            • host_summary_by_statement_type and x$host_summary_by_statement_type Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_buffer_stats_by_table and x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table Sys Schema Views
            • innodb_lock_waits and x$innodb_lock_waits Sys Schema Views
            • io_by_thread_by_latency and x$io_by_thread_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_file_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_file_by_latency and x$io_global_by_file_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_wait_by_bytes and x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes Sys Schema Views
            • io_global_by_wait_by_latency and x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency Sys Schema Views
            • latest_file_io and x$latest_file_io Sys Schema Views
            • memory_by_host_by_current_bytes and x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes Views
            • metrics Sys Schema View
            • privileges_by_table_by_level Sys Schema View
            • schema_auto_increment_columns Sys Schema View
            • schema_object_overview Sys Schema View
            • host_summary_by_statement_latency and x$host_summary_by_statement_latency Sys Schema Views
        • The mysql Database Tables
          • mysql.column_stats Table
          • mysql.columns_priv Table
          • mysql.db Table
          • mysql.event Table
          • mysql.func Table
          • mysql.general_log Table
          • mysql.global_priv Table
          • mysql.gtid_slave_pos Table
          • mysql.help_category Table
          • mysql.help_keyword Table
          • mysql.help_relation Table
          • mysql.help_topic Table
          • mysql.index_stats Table
          • mysql.innodb_index_stats
          • mysql.innodb_table_stats
          • mysql.password_reuse_check_history Table
          • mysql.plugin Table
          • mysql.proc Table
          • mysql.procs_priv Table
          • mysql.proxies_priv Table
          • mysql.roles_mapping Table
          • mysql.servers Table
          • mysql.slow_log Table
          • mysql.table_stats Table
          • mysql.tables_priv Table
          • mysql.time_zone Table
          • mysql.time_zone_leap_second Table
          • mysql.time_zone_name Table
          • mysql.time_zone_transition Table
          • mysql.time_zone_transition_type Table
          • mysql.transaction_registry Table
          • mysql.user Table
          • Spider mysql Database Tables
            • mysql.spider_link_failed_log Table
            • mysql.spider_link_mon_servers Table
            • mysql.spider_table_crd Table
            • mysql.spider_table_position_for_recovery Table
            • mysql.spider_table_sts Table
            • mysql.spider_tables Table
            • mysql.spider_xa Table
            • mysql.spider_xa_failed_log Table
            • mysql.spider_xa_member Table
          • Obsolete mysql Database Tables
            • mysql.host Table
            • mysql.ndb_binlog_index Table
    • Data Definition (DDL)
      • Atomic DDL
      • CONSTRAINT
      • RENAME TABLE
      • ALTER
        • ALTER DATABASE
        • ALTER FUNCTION
        • ALTER LOGFILE GROUP
        • ALTER SERVER
        • ALTER TABLE
          • Online Schema Change
        • ALTER TABLESPACE
      • CREATE
        • CREATE DATABASE
        • CREATE EVENT
        • CREATE FUNCTION
        • CREATE INDEX
        • CREATE LOGFILE GROUP
        • CREATE PACKAGE BODY
        • CREATE PACKAGE
        • CREATE SERVER
        • CREATE TABLE
        • CREATE TABLESPACE
        • Generated Columns
        • Invisible Columns
        • Silent Column Changes
      • DROP
        • DROP DATABASE
        • DROP EVENT
        • DROP INDEX
        • DROP LOGFILE GROUP
        • DROP PACKAGE BODY
        • DROP PACKAGE
        • DROP SERVER
        • DROP TABLE
        • DROP TABLESPACE
        • DROP TRIGGER
    • Data Manipulation (DML)
      • Changing & Deleting Data
        • DELETE
        • HIGH_PRIORITY and LOW_PRIORITY
        • REPLACE
        • REPLACE...RETURNING
        • UPDATE
      • Inserting & Loading Data
        • Concurrent Inserts
        • IGNORE
        • INSERT - Default & Duplicate Values
        • INSERT DELAYED
        • INSERT IGNORE
        • INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
        • INSERT SELECT
        • INSERT
        • INSERT...RETURNING
        • LOAD Data into Tables or Index
          • LOAD DATA INFILE
          • LOAD INDEX
          • LOAD XML
      • Selecting Data
        • DUAL
        • FOR UPDATE
        • GROUP BY
        • LIMIT
        • LOCK IN SHARE MODE
        • Optimizer Hints
        • ORDER BY
        • PROCEDURE
        • SELECT
        • SELECT INTO DUMPFILE
        • SELECT INTO OUTFILE
        • SELECT ... OFFSET ... FETCH
        • SELECT WITH ROLLUP
        • Common Table Expressions (CTE)
          • WITH
          • Non-Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
          • Recursive Common Table Expressions Overview
        • Joins & Subqueries
          • EXCEPT
          • INTERSECT
          • MINUS
          • Precedence Control in Table Operations
          • UNION
          • Joins
            • Comma vs JOIN
            • JOIN Syntax
            • More Advanced Joins
          • Subqueries
            • Subqueries and ALL
            • Subqueries and ANY
            • Subqueries and EXISTS
            • Subqueries and JOINs
            • Subqueries in a FROM Clause (Derived Tables)
            • Row Subqueries
            • Scalar Subqueries
            • Subquery Limitations
    • Geometry Statements
      • Geometry Constructors
        • BUFFER
        • CONVEXHULL
        • GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
        • LINESTRING
        • MULTILINESTRING
        • MULTIPOINT
        • MULTIPOLYGON
        • POINT
        • PointOnSurface
        • POLYGON
        • ST_BUFFER
        • ST_CONVEXHULL
        • ST_INTERSECTION
        • ST_POINTONSURFACE
        • ST_SYMDIFFERENCE
        • ST_UNION
        • ST_AsGeoJSON
        • ST_GeomFromGeoJSON
      • Geometry Properties
        • DIMENSION
        • BOUNDARY
        • ENVELOPE
        • GeometryN
        • GeometryType
        • IsEmpty
        • IsSimple
        • NumGeometries
        • SRID
        • IsClosed
        • IsRing
        • ST_BOUNDARY
        • ST_DIMENSION
        • ST_ENVELOPE
        • ST_GEOMETRYN
        • ST_GEOMETRYTYPE
        • ST_ISCLOSED
        • ST_ISEMPTY
        • ST_IsRing
        • ST_IsSimple
        • ST_NUMGEOMETRIES
        • ST_RELATE
        • ST_SRID
      • Geometry Relations
        • CONTAINS
        • CROSSES
        • DISJOINT
        • EQUALS
        • INTERSECTS
        • OVERLAPS
        • ST_CONTAINS
        • ST_CROSSES
        • ST_EQUALS
        • ST_INTERSECTS
        • ST_OVERLAPS
        • ST_TOUCHES
        • ST_WITHIN
        • ST_DIFFERENCE
        • ST_DISJOINT
        • ST_DISTANCE
        • ST_DISTANCE_SPHERE
        • ST_LENGTH
        • TOUCHES
        • WITHIN
      • LineString Properties
        • GLENGTH
        • ENDPOINT
        • NumPoints
        • PointN
        • STARTPOINT
        • ST_ENDPOINT
        • ST_NUMPOINTS
        • ST_POINTN
        • ST_STARTPOINT
      • MBR (Minimum Bounding Rectangle)
        • MBR Definition
        • MBRContains
        • MBRCoveredBy
        • MBRDisjoint
        • MBREqual
        • MBRIntersects
        • MBROverlaps
        • MBRTouches
        • MBRWithin
      • Miscellaneous GIS functions
        • ST_Collect
        • ST_GeoHash
        • ST_IsValid
        • ST_LatFromGeoHash
        • ST_LongFromGeoHash
        • ST_PointFromGeoHash
        • ST_Simplify
        • ST_Validate
      • Point Properties
        • X
        • Y
        • ST_X
        • ST_Y
      • Polygon Properties
        • CENTROID
        • AREA
        • ExteriorRing
        • InteriorRingN
        • NumInteriorRings
        • ST_AREA
        • ST_CENTROID
        • ST_ExteriorRing
        • ST_InteriorRingN
        • ST_NumInteriorRings
      • WKB
        • AsWKB
        • GeometryCollectionFromWKB
        • GeometryFromWKB
        • LineStringFromWKB
        • MLineFromWKB
        • MPointFromWKB
        • MPolyFromWKB
        • MultiLineStringFromWKB
        • MultiPointFromWKB
        • MultiPolygonFromWKB
        • PolygonFromWKB
        • ST_AsBinary
        • ST_AsWKB
        • ST_GeomCollFromWKB
        • ST_GeometryCollectionFromWKB
        • ST_GeometryFromWKB
        • ST_GeomFromWKB
        • ST_LineFromWKB
        • ST_LineStringFromWKB
        • ST_MPointFromWKB
        • ST_MPolyFromWKB
        • ST_MultiPointFromWKB
        • ST_MultiPolygonFromWKB
        • ST_PointFromWKB
        • ST_PolyFromWKB
        • ST_PolygonFromWKB
        • Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format
        • AsBinary
        • GeomCollFromWKB
        • GeomFromWKB
        • LineFromWKB
        • PointFromWKB
        • PolyFromWKB
      • WKT
        • WKT Definition
        • GeometryCollectionFromText
        • GeometryFromText
        • LineStringFromText
        • MLineFromText
        • MPointFromText
        • MPolyFromText
        • MultiLineStringFromText
        • MultiPointFromText
        • MultiPolygonFromText
        • PolygonFromText
        • ST_AsText
        • ST_ASWKT
        • ST_GeomCollFromText
        • ST_GeometryCollectionFromText
        • ST_GeometryFromText
        • ST_GeomFromText
        • ST_LineFromText
        • ST_LineStringFromText
        • ST_MPointFromText
        • ST_MPolyFromText
        • ST_MultiLineStringFromText
        • ST_MultiPointFromText
        • ST_MultiPolygonFromText
        • ST_PointFromText
        • ST_PolyFromText
        • ST_PolygonFromText
        • AsText
        • AsWKT
        • GeomCollFromText
        • GeomFromText
        • LineFromText
        • PointFromText
        • PolyFromText
        • ST_MLineFromText
    • Prepared Statements
      • DEALLOCATE / DROP PREPARE
      • EXECUTE Statement
      • EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
      • PREPARE Statement
      • Out Parameters in PREPARE
    • Programmatic & Compound Statements
      • BEGIN END
      • CASE Statement
      • DECLARE CONDITION
      • DECLARE HANDLER
      • DECLARE Variable
      • FOR
      • GOTO
      • IF
      • ITERATE
      • Labels
      • LEAVE
      • LOOP
      • REPEAT LOOP
      • RESIGNAL
      • RETURN
      • SELECT INTO
      • SET Variable
      • SIGNAL
      • WHILE
      • Using Compound Statements Outside of Stored Programs
      • Cursors
        • Cursor Overview
        • CLOSE
        • DECLARE CURSOR
        • FETCH
        • OPEN
      • Diagnostics
        • Diagnostics Area
        • GET DIAGNOSTICS
        • SQLSTATE
    • Stored Routine Statements
      • CALL
      • DO
    • Table Statements
      • ANALYZE TABLE
      • CHECK TABLE
      • CHECK VIEW
      • CHECKSUM TABLE
      • REPAIR TABLE
      • REPAIR VIEW
      • TRUNCATE TABLE
      • Obsolete Table Statements
        • BACKUP TABLE (removed)
        • RESTORE TABLE (removed)
    • Transactions
      • COMMIT
      • LOCK TABLES
      • Metadata Locking
      • ROLLBACK
      • SAVEPOINT
      • SET TRANSACTION
      • SQL statements Causing an Implicit Commit
      • START TRANSACTION
      • Transaction Timeouts
      • READ COMMITTED
      • READ UNCOMMITTED
      • REPEATABLE READ
      • SERIALIZABLE
      • UNLOCK TABLES
      • WAIT and NOWAIT
      • XA Transactions
  • SQL Functions
    • Functions & Operators
    • Aggregate Functions
      • AVG
      • BIT_AND
      • BIT_OR
      • BIT_XOR
      • COUNT DISTINCT
      • COUNT
      • GROUP_CONCAT
      • MAX
      • MIN
      • STD
      • STDDEV
      • STDDEV_POP
      • STDDEV_SAMP
      • SUM
      • VAR_POP
      • VAR_SAMP
      • VARIANCE
    • Control Flow Functions
      • CASE OPERATOR
      • DECODE_ORACLE
      • IF Function
      • IFNULL
      • NULLIF
      • NVL
      • NVL2
    • Date & Time Functions
      • Date and Time Units
      • ADD_MONTHS
      • ADDDATE
      • ADDTIME
      • CONVERT_TZ
      • CURDATE
      • CURRENT_DATE
      • CURRENT_TIME
      • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
      • CURTIME
      • DATE FUNCTION
      • DATE_ADD
      • DATE_FORMAT
      • DATE_SUB
      • DATEDIFF
      • DAY
      • DAYNAME
      • DAYOFMONTH
      • DAYOFWEEK
      • DAYOFYEAR
      • EXTRACT
      • FORMAT_PICO_TIME
      • FROM_DAYS
      • FROM_UNIXTIME
      • GET_FORMAT
      • HOUR
      • LAST_DAY
      • LOCALTIME
      • LOCALTIMESTAMP
      • MAKEDATE
      • MAKETIME
      • MICROSECOND
      • Microseconds in MariaDB
      • MINUTE
      • MONTH
      • MONTHNAME
      • NOW
      • PERIOD_ADD
      • PERIOD_DIFF
      • QUARTER
      • SEC_TO_TIME
      • SECOND
      • STR_TO_DATE
      • SUBDATE
      • SUBTIME
      • SYSDATE
      • TIME
      • TIME_FORMAT
      • TIME_TO_SEC
      • TIMEDIFF
      • TIMESTAMP
      • TIMESTAMPADD
      • TIMESTAMPDIFF
      • TO_DAYS
      • TO_SECONDS
      • UNIX_TIMESTAMP
      • UTC_DATE
      • UTC_TIME
      • UTC_TIMESTAMP
      • WEEK
      • WEEKDAY
      • WEEKOFYEAR
      • YEAR
      • YEARWEEK
    • Numeric Functions
      • ABS
      • ACOS
      • Addition Operator (+)
      • ASIN
      • ATAN
      • ATAN2
      • CEIL
      • CEILING
      • CONV
      • COS
      • COT
      • CRC32
      • CRC32C
      • DEGREES
      • DIV
      • Division Operator (/)
      • EXP
      • FLOOR
      • LN
      • LOG
      • LOG10
      • LOG2
      • MOD
      • Multiplication Operator (*)
      • OCT
      • PI
      • POW
      • POWER
      • RADIANS
      • RAND
      • ROUND
      • SIGN
      • SIN
      • SQRT
      • TAN
      • TRUNCATE
    • Pseudo Columns
      • _rowid
    • Secondary Functions
      • Bit Functions and Operators
        • BIT_COUNT
        • ~
        • |
        • ^
        • &
        • Parentheses
        • <<
        • >>
        • TRUE FALSE
      • Encryption, Hashing and Compression Functions
        • AES_DECRYPT
        • AES_ENCRYPT
        • COMPRESS
        • DECODE
        • DES_DECRYPT
        • DES_ENCRYPT
        • ENCODE
        • ENCRYPT
        • KDF
        • MD5
        • OLD_PASSWORD
        • PASSWORD
        • RANDOM_BYTES
        • SHA1
        • SHA2
        • UNCOMPRESS
        • UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH
      • Information Functions
        • BENCHMARK
        • BINLOG_GTID_POS
        • CHARSET
        • COERCIBILITY
        • COLLATION
        • CONNECTION_ID
        • CURRENT_ROLE
        • CURRENT_USER
        • DATABASE
        • DECODE_HISTOGRAM
        • DEFAULT
        • FOUND_ROWS
        • LAST_INSERT_ID
        • LAST_VALUE
        • PROCEDURE ANALYSE
        • ROW_COUNT
        • ROWNUM
        • SCHEMA
        • SESSION_USER
        • SYSTEM_USER
        • USER
        • VERSION
      • Miscellaneous Functions
        • GET_LOCK
        • INET6_ATON
        • INET6_NTOA
        • INET_ATON
        • INET_NTOA
        • IS_FREE_LOCK
        • IS_IPV4
        • IS_IPV4_COMPAT
        • IS_IPV4_MAPPED
        • IS_IPV6
        • IS_USED_LOCK
        • MASTER_GTID_WAIT
        • MASTER_POS_WAIT
        • FORMAT_BYTES
        • NAME_CONST
        • RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS
        • RELEASE_LOCK
        • SLEEP
        • SYS_GUID
        • UUID
        • UUID_SHORT
        • UUID_v4
        • UUID_v7
        • VALUES / VALUE
    • Special Functions
      • Dynamic Columns Functions
        • COLUMN_ADD
        • COLUMN_CHECK
        • COLUMN_CREATE
        • COLUMN_DELETE
        • COLUMN_EXISTS
        • COLUMN_GET
        • COLUMN_JSON
        • COLUMN_LIST
      • Galera Functions
        • WSREP_LAST_SEEN_GTID
        • WSREP_LAST_WRITTEN_GTID
        • WSREP_SYNC_WAIT_UPTO_GTID
      • Geographic Functions
      • JSON Functions
        • Differences between JSON_QUERY and JSON_VALUE
        • JSON_ARRAY
        • JSON_ARRAY_APPEND
        • JSON_ARRAY_INSERT
        • JSON_ARRAY_INTERSECT
        • JSON_ARRAYAGG
        • JSON_COMPACT
        • JSON_CONTAINS
        • JSON_CONTAINS_PATH
        • JSON_DEPTH
        • JSON_DETAILED
        • JSON_EQUALS
        • JSON_EXISTS
        • JSON_EXTRACT
        • JSON_INSERT
        • JSON_KEY_VALUE
        • JSON_KEYS
        • JSON_LENGTH
        • JSON_LOOSE
        • JSON_MERGE
        • JSON_MERGE_PATCH
        • JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE
        • JSON_NORMALIZE
        • JSON_OBJECT
        • JSON_OBJECT_FILTER_KEYS
        • JSON_OBJECT_TO_ARRAY
        • JSON_OBJECTAGG
        • JSON_OVERLAPS
        • JSON_PRETTY
        • JSON_QUERY
        • JSON_QUOTE
        • JSON_REMOVE
        • JSON_REPLACE
        • JSON_SCHEMA_VALID
        • JSON_SEARCH
        • JSON_SET
        • JSON_TABLE
        • JSON_TYPE
        • JSON_UNQUOTE
        • JSON_VALID
        • JSON_VALUE
        • JSONPath Expressions
      • Window Functions
        • Window Functions Overview
        • Aggregate Functions as Window Functions
        • ColumnStore Window Functions
        • Window Frames
        • CUME_DIST
        • DENSE_RANK
        • FIRST_VALUE
        • LAG
        • LEAD
        • MEDIAN
        • NTH_VALUE
        • NTILE
        • PERCENT_RANK
        • PERCENTILE_CONT
        • PERCENTILE_DISC
        • RANK
        • ROW_NUMBER
    • String Functions
      • ASCII
      • BIN
      • BINARY Operator
      • BIT_LENGTH
      • CAST
      • CHAR Function
      • CHAR_LENGTH
      • CHARACTER_LENGTH
      • CHR
      • CONCAT
      • CONCAT_WS
      • CONVERT
      • ELT
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1. Reference
2. SQL Statements
3. Transactions

READ COMMITTED is one of the transaction isolation levels. Each consistent read, even within the same transaction, sets and reads its own fresh snapshot.

See Isolation Levels for details.

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