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Sat Jan 4 13:58:57 CET 2014 · https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2014-January/130872.html

Should implicit converting an instance of int, float, complex, str, 
bytes, etc subclasses to call appropriate special method __int__ (or 
__index__), __float__, __complex__, __str__, __bytes__, etc? Currently 
explicit converting calls these methods, but implicit converting doesn't.

>>> class I(int):
...     def __int__(self): return 42
...     def __index__(self): return 43
...
>>> class F(float):
...     def __float__(self): return 42.0
...
>>> class S(str):
...     def __str__(self): return '*'
...
>>> int(I(65))
42
>>> float(F(65))
42.0
>>> str(S('A'))
'*'
>>> chr(I(65))
'A'
>>> import cmath; cmath.rect(F(65), 0)
(65+0j)
>>> ord(S('A'))
65

Issue17576 [1] proposes to call special methods for implicit converting. 
I have doubts about this.

1. I afraid that this will adds places where arbitrary Python code is 
unexpectedly called. For example see changeset9a61be172c23 discussed in 
neighbor thread. If the "k" format code will call __int__(), Python code 
can modify unpacked list argument during parsing arguments in 
PyArg_ParseTuple().

2. PyLong_As*() functions already is not very consistent. Some of them 
calls __int__() for argument which is not an instance of int subclass, 
other accepts only instances of int subclasses. PyLong_AsVoidPtr() calls 
or not calls __int__() depending on the sign of the argument.

3. We can't consistency call special methods for all types. E.g. for 
strings we can't call __str__() when processing the "s" code in 
PyArg_ParseTuple() because this will cause a leak.

I think that overriding special converting method in a subclass of 
corresponding type should be restricted. I see two consistent and safe 
possibilities:

1. Forbidden. I.e. above declarations of I, F and S classes should raise 
exceptions.

2. Has no effect. I.e. both int(I(65)) and operator.index(I(65)) should 
return 65.

[1] http://bugs.python.org/issue17576

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[Python-Dev] Subclasses vs. special methods