I went to a very interesting talk about internationalization by Tim
Bray, one of the editors of the XML spec and a real expert on i18n. It
inspired me to wrestle one more time with the architectural issues in
Python that are preventing us from saying that it is a really
internationalized language. Those geek cruises aren't just about sun,
surf and sand. There's a pretty high level of intellectual give and take
also! Email me for more info...
Anyhow, we deferred many of these issues (probably
out of exhaustion) the last time we talked about it but we cannot and
should not do so forever. In particular, I do not think that we should
add more features for working with Unicode (e.g. unichr) before thinking
through the issues.
-----
Abstract
Many of the world's written languages have more than 255 characters.
Therefore Python is out of date in its insistence that "basic
strings"
are lists of characters with ordinals between 0 and 255. Python's
basic character type must allow at least enough digits for Eastern
languages.
Problem Description
Python's western bias stems from a variety of issues.
The first problem is that Python's native character type is an 8-bit
character. You can see that it is an 8-bit character by trying to
insert a value with an ordinal higher than 255. Python should allow
for ordinal numbers up to at least the size of a single Eastern
language such as Chinese or Japanese. Whenever a Python file object
is "read", it returns one of these lists of 8-byte characters. The
standard file object "read" method can never return a list of
Chinese
or Japanese characters. This is an unacceptable state of affairs in
the 21st century.
Goals
1. Python should have a single string type. It should support
Eastern characters as well as it does European characters.
Operationally speaking:
type("") == type(chr(150)) == type(chr(1500)) == type(file.read())
2. It should be easier and more efficient to encode and decode
information being sent to and retrieved from devices.
3. It should remain possible to work with the byte-level
representation.
This is sometimes useful for for performance reasons.
Definitions
Character Set
A character set is a mapping from integers to characters. Note
that both integers and characters are abstractions. In other
words, a decision to use a particular character set does not in
any way mandate a particular implementation or representation
for characters.
In Python terms, a character set can be thought of as no more
or less than a pair of functions: ord() and chr(). ASCII, for
instance, is a pair of functions defined only for 0 through 127
and ISO Latin 1 is defined only for 0 through 255. Character
sets typically also define a mapping from characters to names
of those characters in some natural language (often English)
and to a simple graphical representation that native language
speakers would recognize.
It is not possible to have a concept of "character" without
having
a character set. After all, characters must be chosen from some
repertoire and there must be a mapping from characters to
integers
(defined by ord).
Character Encoding
A character encoding is a mechanism for representing characters
in terms of bits. Character encodings are only relevant when
information is passed from Python to some system that works
with the characters in terms of representation rather than
abstraction. Just as a Python programmer would not care about
the representation of a long integer, they should not care about
the representation of a string. Understanding the distinction
between an abstract character and its bit level representation
is essential to understanding this Python character model.
A Python programmer does not need to know or care whether a long
integer is represented as twos complement, ones complement or
in terms of ASCII digits. Similarly a Python programmer does
not need to know or care how characters are represented in
memory. We might even change the representation over time to
achieve higher performance.
Universal Character Set
There is only one standardized international character set that
allows for mixed-language information. It is called the
Universal
Character Set and it is logically defined for characters 0
through 2^32 but practically is deployed for characters 0
through
2^16. The Universal Character Set is an international standard
in the sense that it is standardized by ISO and has the force
of law in international agreements.
A popular subset of the Universal Character Set is called
Unicode. The most popular subset of Unicode is called the
"Unicode
Basic Multilingual Plane (Unicode BMP)". The Unicode BMP has
space for all of the world's major languages including Chinese,
Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese. There are 2^16 characters in
the Unicode BMP.
The Unicode BMP subset of UCS is becoming a defacto standard on
the Web. In any modern browser you can create an HTML or XML
document with ĭ and get back a rendered version of Unicode
character 301. In other words, Unicode is becoming the defato
character set for the Internet in addition to being the
officially
mandated character set for international commerce.
In addition to defining ord() and chr(), Unicode provides a
database of information about characters. Each character has an
english language name, a classification (letter, number, etc.) a
"demonstration" glyph and so forth.
The Unicode Contraversy
Unicode is not entirely uncontroversial. In particular there are
Japanese speakers who dislike the way Unicode merges characters
from various languages that were considered "the same" by the
experts that defined the specification. Nevertheless Unicode is
in used as the character set for important Japanese software
such
as the two most popular word processors, Ichitaro and Microsoft
Word.
Other programming languages have also moved to use Unicode as
the
basic character set instead of ASCII or ISO Latin 1. From
memory,
I believe that this is the case for:
Java
Perl
JavaScript
Visual Basic
TCL
XML is also Unicode based. Note that the difference between
all of these languages and Python is that Unicode is the
*basic* character type. Even when you type ASCII literals, they
are immediately converted to Unicode.
It is the author's belief this "running code" is evidence of
Unicode's practical applicability. Arguments against it seem
more rooted in theory than in practical problems. On the other
hand, this belief is informed by those who have done heavy
work with Asian characters and not based on my own direct
experience.
Python Character Set
As discussed before, Python's native character set happens to
consist
of exactly 255 characters. If we increase the size of Python's
character set, no existing code would break and there would be no
cost in functionality.
Given that Unicode is a standard character set and it is richer
than that of Python's, Python should move to that character set.
Once Python moves to that character set it will no longer be
necessary
to have a distinction between "Unicode string" and "regular string."
This means that Unicode literals and escape codes can also be
merged with ordinary literals and escape codes. unichr can be merged
with chr.
Character Strings and Byte Arrays
Two of the most common constructs in computer science are strings of
characters and strings of bytes. A string of bytes can be
represented
as a string of characters between 0 and 255. Therefore the only
reason to have a distinction between Unicode strings and byte
strings is for implementation simplicity and performance purposes.
This distinction should only be made visible to the average Python
programmer in rare circumstances.
Advanced Python programmers will sometimes care about true "byte
strings". They will sometimes want to build and parse information
according to its representation instead of its abstract form. This
should be done with byte arrays. It should be possible to read bytes
from and write bytes to arrays. It should also be possible to use
regular expressions on byte arrays.
Character Encodings for I/O
Information is typically read from devices such as file systems
and network cards one byte at a time. Unicode BMP characters
can have values up to 2^16 (or even higher, if you include all of
UCS). There is a fundamental disconnect there. Each character cannot
be represented as a single byte anymore. To solve this problem,
there are several "encodings" for large characters that describe
how to represent them as series of bytes.
Unfortunately, there is not one, single, dominant encoding. There
are
at least a dozen popular ones including ASCII (which supports only
0-127), ISO Latin 1 (which supports only 0-255), others in the ISO
"extended ASCII" family (which support different European scripts),
UTF-8 (used heavily in C programs and on Unix), UTF-16 (preferred by
Java and Windows), Shift-JIS (preferred in Japan) and so forth. This
means that the only safe way to read data from a file into Python
strings is to specify the encoding explicitly.
Python's current assumption is that each byte translates into a
character of the same ordinal. This is only true for "ISO Latin 1".
Python should require the user to specify this explicitly instead.
Any code that does I/O should be changed to require the user to
specify the encoding that the I/O should use. It is the opinion of
the author that there should be no default encoding at all. If you
want to read ASCII text, you should specify ASCII explicitly. If
you want to read ISO Latin 1, you should specify it explicitly.
Once data is read into Python objects the original encoding is
irrelevant. This is similar to reading an integer from a binary
file,
an ASCII file or a packed decimal file. The original bits and bytes
representation of the integer is disconnected from the abstract
representation of the integer object.
Proposed I/O API
This encoding could be chosen at various levels. In some
applications
it may make sense to specify the encoding on every read or write as
an extra argument to the read and write methods. In most
applications
it makes more sense to attach that information to the file object as
an attribute and have the read and write methods default the
encoding
to the property value. This attribute value could be initially set
as an extra argument to the "open" function.
Here is some Python code demonstrating a proposed API:
fileobj = fopen("foo", "r", "ASCII") # only accepts values < 128
fileobj2 = fopen("bar", "r", "ISO Latin 1") # byte-values "as
is"
fileobj3 = fopen("baz", "r", "UTF-8")
fileobj2.encoding = "UTF-16" # changed my mind!
data = fileobj2.read(1024, "UTF-8" ) # changed my mind again
For efficiency, it should also be possible to read raw bytes into
a memory buffer without doing any interpretation:
moredata = fileobj2.readbytes(1024)
This will generate a byte array, not a character string. This
is logically equivalent to reading the file as "ISO Latin 1"
(which happens to map bytes to characters with the same ordinals)
and generating a byte array by copying characters to bytes but it
is much more efficient.
Python File Encoding
It should be possible to create Python files in any of the common
encodings that are backwards compatible with ASCII. This includes
ASCII itself, all language-specific "extended ASCII" variants
(e.g. ISO Latin 1), Shift-JIS and UTF-8 which can actually encode
any UCS character value.
The precise variant of "super-ASCII" must be declared with a
specialized comment that precedes any other lines other than the
shebang line if present. It has a syntax like this:
#?encoding="UTF-8"
#?encoding="ISO-8859-1"
...
#?encoding="ISO-8859-9"
#?encoding="Shift_JIS"
For now, this is the complete list of legal encodings. Others may
be added in the future.
Python files which use non-ASCII characters without defining an
encoding should be immediately deprecated and made illegal in some
future version of Python.
C APIs
The only time representation matters is when data is being moved
from
Python's internal model to something outside of Python's control
or vice versa. Reading and writing from a device is a special case
discussed above. Sending information from Python to C code is also
an issue.
Python already has a rule that allows the automatic conversion
of characters up to 255 into their C equivalents. Once the Python
character type is expanded, characters outside of that range should
trigger an exception (just as converting a large long integer to a
C int triggers an exception).
Some might claim it is inappropriate to presume that
the character-for- byte mapping is the correct "encoding" for
information passing from Python to C. It is best not to think of it
as an encoding. It is merely the most straightforward mapping from
a Python type to a C type. In addition to being straightforward,
I claim it is the best thing for several reasons:
* It is what Python already does with string objects (but not
Unicode objects).
* Once I/O is handled "properly", (see above) it should be extremely
rare to have characters in strings above 128 that mean anything
OTHER than character values. Binary data should go into byte arrays.
* It preserves the length of the string so that the length C sees
is the same as the length Python sees.
* It does not require us to make an arbitrary choice of UTF-8 versus
UTF-16.
* It means that C extensions can be internationalized by switching
from C's char type to a wchar_t and switching from the string format
code to the Unicode format code.
Python's built-in modules should migrate from char to wchar_t (aka
Py_UNICODE) over time. That is, more and more functions should
support characters greater than 255 over time.
Rough Implementation Requirements
Combine String and Unicode Types:
The StringType and UnicodeType objects should be aliases for
the same object. All PyString_* and PyUnicode_* functions should
work with objects of this type.
Remove Unicode String Literals
Ordinary string literals should allow large character escape
codes
and generate Unicode string objects.
Unicode objects should "repr" themselves as Python string
objects.
Unicode string literals should be deprecated.
Generalize C-level Unicode conversion
The format string "S" and the PyString_AsString functions should
accept Unicode values and convert them to character arrays
by converting each value to its equivalent byte-value. Values
greater than 255 should generate an exception.
New function: fopen
fopen should be like Python's current open function except that
it should allow and require an encoding parameter. The file
objects
returned by it should be encoding aware. fopen should
be considered a replacement for open. open should eventually
be deprecated.
Add byte arrays
The regular expression library should be generalized to handle
byte arrays without converting them to Python strings. This will
allow those who need to work with bytes to do so more
efficiently.
In general, it should be possible to use byte arrays where-ever
it is possible to use strings. Byte arrays could be thought of
as a special kind of "limited but efficient" string. Arguably we
could go so far as to call them "byte strings" and reuse
Python's
current string implementation. The primary differences would be
in their "repr", "type" and literal syntax.
In a sense we would have kept the existing distinction between
Unicode strings and 8-bit strings but made Unicode the "default"
and provided 8-bit strings as an efficient alternative.
Appendix: Using Non-Unicode character sets
Let's presume that a linguistics researcher objected to the
unification of Han characters in Unicode and wanted to invent a
character set that included separate characters for all Chinese,
Japanese and Korean character sets. Perhaps they also want to
support
some non-standard character set like Klingon. Klingon is actually
scheduled to become part of Unicode eventually but let's presume
it wasn't.
This section will demonstrate that this researcher is no worse off
under the new system than they were under historical Python.
Adopting
Unicode as a standard has no down-side for someone in this
situation. They have several options under the new system:
1. Ignore Unicode
Read in the bytes using the encoding "RAW" which would mean that
each byte would be translated into a character between 0 and
255. It would be a synonym for ISO Latin 1. Now you can process
the data using exactly the same Python code that you would have
used in Python 1.5 through Python 2.0. The only difference is
that the in-memory representation of the data MIGHT be less
space efficient because Unicode characters MIGHT be implemented
internally as 16 or 32 bit integers.
This solution is the simplest and easiest to code.
2. Use Byte Arrays
As dicussed earlier, a byte array is like a string where
the characters are restricted to characters between 0 and
255. The only virtues of byte arrays are that they enforce this
rule and they can be implemented in a more memory-efficient
manner. According to the proposal, it should be possible to load
data into a byte array (or "byte string") using the "readbytes"
method.
This solution is the most efficient.
3. Use Unicode's Private Use Area (PUA)
Unicode is an extensible standard. There are certain character
codes reserved for private use between consenting parties. You
could map characters like Klingon or certain Korean ideographs
into the private use area. Obviously the Unicode character
database would not have meaningful information about these
characters and rendering systems would not know how to render
them. But this situation is no worse than in today's Python.
There
is no character database for arbitrary character sets and there
is no automatic way to render them.
One limitation to this issue is that the Private Use Area can
only handle so many characters. The BMP PUA can hold thousands
and if we step up to "full" Unicode support we have room for
hundreds of thousands.
This solution gets the maximum benefit from Unicode for the
characters that are defined by Unicode without losing the
ability
to refer to characters outside of Unicode.
4. Use A Higher Level Encoding
You could wrap Korean characters in <KOREA>...</KOREA> tags. You
could describe a characters as \KLINGON-KAHK (i.e. 13 Unicode
characters). You could use a special Unicode character as an
"escape flag" to say that the next character should be
interpreted
specially.
This solution is the most self-descriptive and extensible.
In summary, expanding Python's character type to support Unicode
characters does not restrict even the most estoric, Unicode-hostile
types of text processing. Therefore there is no basis for objecting
to Unicode as some form of restriction. Those who need to use
another logial character set have as much ability to do so as they
always have.
Conclusion
Python needs to support international characters. The "ASCII" of
internationalized characters is Unicode. Most other languages have
moved or are moving their basic character and string types to
support Unicode. Python should also.
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