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Python Developers Survey 2022 Results

This is the sixth annual official Python Developers Survey, conducted as a collaborative effort between the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains. Responses were collected in October–December 2022, with more than 23,000 Python developers and enthusiasts from almost 200 countries and regions taking part to illuminate the current state of the language and the ecosystem around it.

JavaScript

HTML/CSS

SQL

Bash / Shell

C/C++

Java

TypeScript

C#

PHP

Go

Rust

R

Visual Basic

Kotlin

86% of Python developers use other languages in addition to Python, with JavaScript, HTML/CSS, and SQL being the most popular.

JavaScript

HTML/CSS

SQL

Bash / Shell

C/C++

Java

TypeScript

C#

PHP

Go

R

Rust

Visual Basic

Kotlin

SQL

JavaScript

Bash / Shell

HTML/CSS

C/C++

Web development refers to people who selected “Web development” in response to the question “What do you use Python for the most?”. Data science refers to people who selected “Data analysis” or “Machine Learning” in the same question.

Unsurprisingly, JavaScript and HTML/CSS are the most popular languages among web developers, while SQL is the number one choice for data scientists.

In this section, we asked questions to find out what people use Python for, what types of development they are involved in, and how they combine their various uses.

Both for work and personal

For personal, educational or side projects

1 in 5 respondents uses Python only for work-related projects, while just over half combine it with personal projects.

Data analysis

Web development

Machine learning

DevOps / System administration / Writing automation scripts

Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers

Data analysis

Web development

Machine learning

DevOps / System administration / Writing automation scripts

Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers

DevOps / System administration / Writing automation scripts

Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers

Software testing / Writing automated tests

Multimedia applications development

Web development

Data analysis

Machine learning

DevOps / System administration / Writing automation scripts

Educational purposes

Those who use Python as their main language mostly use it for web development (23%).

As a secondary language, Python is most often used for data analysis (16%) and DevOps (14%), while web development comes in third place (13%).

This question was only answered by respondents who are involved in Data analysis and Machine learning.

About a third of pythonistas involved in data analysis and machine learning consider themselves data scientists.

More than 90% of respondents have already implemented Python 3, so can be said to have

already achieved mainstream acceptance.

The number of Python 2 users has remained nearly the same for the last 3 years, below 7%. Nevertheless, some people still use version 2 for data analysis (29%), computer graphics (24%), and DevOps (23%).

Data analysis

Web development

Machine learning

DevOps / System administration / Writing automation scripts

Programming of web parsers / scrapers / crawlers

Python 3.10

Python 3.9

Python 3.8

Python 3.7

Python 3.6

Please note that the survey took place October 14 – November 14, 2022, and Python 3.11 was only released on October 24, 2022.

11%

of pythonistas say they don’t update their Python versions, and 6% report that somebody else manages their updates.

52%

of respondents who use Windows install Python via python.org, while the most popular options for macOS and Linux users are the OS-provided Python, Python.org, Docker containers, and pyenv.

OS-provided Python (via apt-get, yum, homebrew, etc.)

Somebody else manages Python updates for me

Automatic upgrade via cloud provider

Intel Distribution for Python

Note: Enthought got less than 0.5% and has been merged to Others.

Vagrant / virtual machines

Poetry is slowly becoming a more popular tool for Python environment isolation. Since 2020, it has added 6 percentage points. The tool looks promising given that some of its features are already implemented in core Python.

Python web framework usage is still a 3 horse race between Flask, Django, and FastAPI.

All the other frameworks combined would barely reach third place. FastAPI has added 4 percentage points since last year and now is used by 1 in 4 Python developers.

Though the top-3 frameworks have not changed compared to 2021, Requests has ceded 4 percentage points to httpx.

In general, bigger companies are more likely to use unit testing in their Python projects, and also adopt pytest and mock more widely, than smaller ones.

MS SQL Server and Oracle Database are twice as popular among data scientists than among web developers, while the adoption of most of the other databases is much higher among web developers.

31% of Python developers use big data tools, marking a 6 percentage point increase since 2021. Among data scientists this number reaches 42%, who’d have thought?

66%

of Python developers use cloud platforms – 5 percentage points more than last year.

This question was only answered by respondents who use cloud platforms.

Among pythonistas in Africa, Heroku is the most popular cloud platform, as it is used by 39% of developers there. The other languages developers use also affects their choice of platform.

Unsurprisingly, C# users use Microsoft Azure nearly as often as AWS. Go and TypeScript developers are the most active cloud platform users, with more than 80% of them using clouds.

Within containers

In virtual machines

On a Platform-as-a-Service

Serverless

Other

This question was only answered by respondents who use cloud platforms.

Locally with virtualenv

In Docker containers

In virtual machines

In remote development environments

With local system interpreter

This question was only answered by respondents who use cloud platforms.

Local development with virtualenv continues to fall in popularity, losing 7 percentage points since 2020. It is most commonly used by respondents who do web development with Python.

The usage of remote development environments is rising slowly but surely, adding 3 percentage points since 2020. It is most commonly used for machine learning, network programming, and DevOps.

Compared to last year, the popularity of macOS and Windows has remained nearly the same, while Linux usage has decreased by 4 percentage points.

The popularity of GitHub Actions continues to grow, with more than a third of Python developers now using it.

The overall adoption of CI tools also rose by 4 percentage points compared to 2021.

34%

of respondents use continuous management tools, with Ansible being the most popular, while 11% prefer to use some custom solutions.

I don’t use any documentation tools

39% of pythonistas use a documentation tool, with the top choice, Sphinx, remaining unchanged from last year.

use autocompletion in your editor

use Python virtual environments for your projects

use Version Control Systems

write tests for your code

use optional type hinting

run / debug or edit code on remote machines

use Continuous Integration tools

Chosen by a combined two-thirds of the respondents, PyCharm and VS Code are the 2 top IDEs for Python development.

Only 14% of respondents use only one single IDE or editor, and the vast majority (61%) simultaneously use 2–3 IDEs or editors. 26% of Python developers prefer PyCharm as their additional IDE, and a quarter select VS Code.

To identify the most popular editors and IDEs, we asked a single-answer question “What is the main editor you use for your current Python development?”.

VS Code

PyCharm

Vim

Emacs

Sublime Text

Web development refers to people who selected “Web development” in response to the question “What do you use Python for the most?”. Data science refers to people who selected “Data analysis” or “Machine Learning” in the same question.

PyCharm Community Edition

PyCharm Professional Edition

Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS)

85%

of Python developers use tools to isolate environments between projects, with the 3 top solutions being venv, virtualenv, and Conda.

I do not use any tools to isolate Python environments

There’s been a 5 percentage point increase in the number of developers using virtual environments in containers since last year.

pip

venv (standard library)

Containers (eg: via Docker)

Conda

virtualenv

While the top 3 tools are still the same as a year ago, they are all slowly falling in popularity. Meanwhile, Poetry usage has increased by 2 percentage points.

The number of those using the standard library module venv has risen by 5 percentage points compared to 2021.

requirements.txt

pyproject.toml

poetry.lock

pipfile.lock

Conda environment.yml

Application dependency information storage in requirements.txt is becoming less popular, falling 7 percentage points compared to last year.

In the same time, pyproject.toml has risen by the same amount and is now used by a third of Python developers.

A lot of steady work went into pyproject.toml reaching feature parity, and it is now supported directly in pip.

45%

of Python developers use tools for managing the versions of application dependencies. Poetry, pipenv, and pip-tools are the main tools used for this purpose, with nearly equal usage among developers.

30%

of Python developers still manually update the versions of application dependencies, marking a 5 percentage point drop from a year ago.

This question was only answered by respondents who use some tools for managing precise/exact versions of application dependencies.

Private Python Package Index

conda-forge Conda channel

PyPI usage has declined by 7 percentage points, while the usage of all other methods of package installation is nearly the same as in 2021.

57%

of pythonistas develop applications using Python, with Setuptools, Wheel, build, and Poetry being the most popular tools for this purpose.

This question was only answered by respondents who develop applications.

While more than half of Python users develop applications, only 41% of them have already published these apps to a package repository.

Private Python Package Index

Internal mirror of PyPI

This question was only answered by respondents who published their Python application packages.

34%

of respondents have already developed and packaged Python libraries. The most popular solutions for this purpose are generally the same as for Python application development.

74%

of the respondents who have developed their own Python libraries have already published them, primarily using PyPI or a private Python Package Index to do so.

This question was only answered by respondents who develop Python libraries.

Setuptools

Wheel

build

Poetry

conda-build

Private Python Package Index

Internal mirror of PyPI

This question was only answered by respondents who published their packaged Python libraries.

Interestingly, PyPI usage declined by 9 percentage points compared to last year, while the popularity of internal mirrors of PyPI has risen by 5 percentage points.

Work on own project(s) independently

Work as an external consultant or trainer

Work on one main and several side projects

Work on many different projects

Only work on one project

Fully employed by a company / organization

Partially employed by a company / organization

This question was only answered by respondents who are employed in companies.

This question was only answered by respondents who are employed in companies.

Information Technology / Software Development

Accounting / Finance / Insurance

Banking / Real Estate / Mortgage Financing

This question was only answered by respondents who are employed in companies.

Information Technology / Software Development

Accounting/Finance/Insurance

Sales / Distribution / Business Development

Banking / Real Estate / Mortgage Financing

This question was only answered by respondents who are employed in companies.

This question was only answered by respondents who are employed.

All countries/regions smaller than 1% have been merged into “Other”.

Want to dig further into the data? Download the anonymized survey responses and see what you can learn! Share your findings and insights by mentioning @jetbrains and @ThePSF on Twitter with the hashtag #pythondevsurvey.

Any of the following:

• Age 17 or younger.
• Did not answer the question “How many years of professional coding experience do you have?” on the third page of the survey.
• Age under 21 and more than 11 years of professional coding experience.
• Too many single answers for multiple choice questions (excluding “None” answers).
• Multiple responses from the same email address (only one response is used).
• Doesn’t use Python.

At least two of the following:

• More than 16 programming languages used.
• More than 9 job roles.
• More than 11 choices selected in response to ​​“What do you use Python for?”.
• Selected country/region is among the top of the list alphabetically and not among popular countries/regions.
• Both the CEO and Technical Support job roles.
• Both CEO and aged under 21.
• Too many answers selected overall (using almost all frameworks for data science, for web development, packaging, etc.).
• Answered too quickly (less than 5 seconds per question).

Once again, on behalf of both the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains, we’d like to thank everyone who took part in this survey. With your help, we’re able to map the landscape of the Python community more accurately!

Contribute to the PSF’s Recurring Giving Campaign. The PSF is a non-profit organization entirely supported by its sponsors, members & the public.

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