Alexander GE, Newman JD, Symmes D (1976) Convergence of prefrontal and acoustic inputs upon neurons in the superior temporal gyrus of the awake squirrel monkey. Brain Res 116:334–338
Alsop B (2007) Problems with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). J Neurosci Methods 162:42–48
American Psychiatric Association CoNaS (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychatric Association, Washington, DC
Anstey K, Christensen H (2000) Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: a review. Gerontology 46:163–177
Aoki C, Go CG, Venkatesan C, Kurose H (1994) Perikaryal and synaptic localization of alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res 650:181–204
Arnsten AF (1997) Catecholamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex. J Psychopharmacol 11:151–162
Arnsten AF, Steere JC, Hunt RD (1996) The contribution of alpha 2-noradrenergic mechanisms of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Potential significance for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:448–455
Aspide R, Gironi Carnevale UA, Sergeant JA, Sadile AG (1998) Non-selective attention and nitric oxide in putative animal models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behav Brain Res 95:123–133
Aston-Jones G, Rajkowski J, Kubiak P, Alexinsky T (1994) Locus coeruleus neurons in monkey are selectively activated by attended cues in a vigilance task. J Neurosci 14:4467–4480
Aston-Jones G, Rajkowski J, Kubiak P (1997) Conditioned responses of monkey locus coeruleus neurons anticipate acquisition of discriminative behavior in a vigilance task. Neuroscience 80:697–715
Avale ME, Falzone TL, Gelman DM, Low MJ, Grandy DK, Rubinstein M (2004a) The dopamine D4 receptor is essential for hyperactivity and impaired behavioral inhibition in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 9:718–726
Avale ME, Nemirovsky SI, Raisman-Vozari R, Rubinstein M (2004b) Elevated serotonin is involved in hyperactivity but not in the paradoxical effect of amphetamine in mice neonatally lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine. J Neurosci Res 78:289–296
Aylward EH, Codori AM, Barta PE, Pearlson GD, Harris GJ, Brandt J (1996) Basal ganglia volume and proximity to onset in presymptomatic Huntington disease. Arch Neurol 53:1293–1296
Bakker SC, van der Meulen EM, Oteman N, Schelleman H, Pearson PL, Buitelaar JK, Sinke RJ (2005) DAT1, DRD4, and DRD5 polymorphisms are not associated with ADHD in Dutch families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132B:50–52
Barr CL, Feng Y, Wigg K, Bloom S, Roberts W, Malone M, Schachar R, Tannock R, Kennedy JL (2000) Identification of DNA variants in the SNAP-25 gene and linkage study of these polymorphisms and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 5:405–409
Barr CL, Feng Y, Wigg KG, Schachar R, Tannock R, Roberts W, Malone M, Kennedy JL (2001) 5′-untranslated region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 105:84–90
Barr CL, Kroft J, Feng Y, Wigg K, Roberts W, Malone M, Ickowicz A, Schachar R, Tannock R, Kennedy JL (2002) The norepinephrine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 114:255–259
Baumgardner TL, Singer HS, Denckla MB, Rubin MA, Abrams MT, Colli MJ, Reiss AL (1996) Corpus callosum morphology in children with Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology 47:477–482
Benton A (1991) Prefrontal injury and behavior in children. Dev Neuropsychol 7:275–282
Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S (1991) Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry 148:564–577
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Benjamin J, Krifcher B, Moore C, Sprich-Buckminster S, Ugaglia K, Jellinek MS, Steingard R (1992) Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:728–738
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Spencer T, Wilens T, Kiely K, Guite J, Ablon JS, Reed E, Warburton R (1995) High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 152:431–435
Birkenhager WH, Forette F, Seux ML, Wang JG, Staessen JA (2001) Blood pressure, cognitive functions, and prevention of dementias in older patients with hypertension. Arch Intern Med 161:152–156
Blum K, Cull JG, Braverman ER, Comings DE (1996) Reward deficiency syndrom. Am Sci 84:132–145
Bobb AJ, Castellanos FX, Addington AM, Rapoport JL (2005) Molecular genetic studies of ADHD: 1991 to 2004. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132B:109–125
Boix F, Qiao SW, Kolpus T, Sagvolden T (1998) Chronic l-deprenyl treatment alters brain monoamine levels and reduces impulsiveness in an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Behav Brain Res 94:153–162
Bradley C (1937) The behaviour of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 94:577–585
Bruno KJ, Hess EJ (2006) The alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptor mediates hyperactivity of coloboma mice, a model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurobiol Dis 23:679–688
Bruno KJ, Freet CS, Twining RC, Egami K, Grigson PS, Hess EJ (2007) Abnormal latent inhibition and impulsivity in coloboma mice, a model of ADHD. Neurobiol Dis 25:206–216
Burd L, Klug MG, Coumbe MJ, Kerbeshian J (2003) Children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: 1. Prevalence and cost of care. J Child Neurol 18:555–561
Cada AM, Gray EP, Ferguson SA (2000) Minimal behavioral effects from developmental cerebellar stunting in young rats induced by postnatal treatment with alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 22:415–420
Carder RK, Jackson D, Morris HJ, Lund RD, Zigmond MJ (1989) Dopamine released from mesencephalic transplants restores modulation of striatal acetylcholine release after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine: an in vitro analysis. Exp Neurol 105:251–259
Carey MP, Diewald LM, Esposito FJ, Pellicano MP, Gironi Carnevale UA, Sergeant JA, Papa M, Sadile AG (1998) Differential distribution, affinity and plasticity of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the target sites of the mesolimbic system in an animal model of ADHD. Behav Brain Res 94:173–185
Carli M, Robbins TW, Evenden JL, Everitt BJ (1983) Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurones on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction task in rats; implications for theories of dorsal noradrenergic bundle function based on selective attention and arousal. Behav Brain Res 9:361–380
Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Schubert AB, Vauss YC, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Rapoport JL (1997) Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:374–383
Castaneda E, Whishaw IQ, Lermer L, Robinson TE (1990) Dopamine depletion in neonatal rats: effects on behavior and striatal dopamine release assessed by intracerebral microdialysis during adulthood. Brain Res 508:30–39
Castellanos FX, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Gulotta CS, Mefford IN, Potter WZ, Ritchie GF, Rapoport JL (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 52:305–316
Castellanos FX, Elia J, Kruesi MJ, Marsh WL, Gulotta CS, Potter WZ, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL (1996a) Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid predicts behavioral response to stimulants in 45 boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:125–137
Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, Sarfatti SE, Vauss YC, Snell JW, Lange N, Kaysen D, Krain AL, Ritchie GF, Rajapakse JC, Rapoport JL (1996b) Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:607–616
Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, Walter JM, Sharp W, Tran T, Vaituzis AC, Blumenthal JD, Nelson J, Bastain TM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Rapoport JL (2001) Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:289–295
Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W, Jeffries NO, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Blumenthal JD, James RS, Ebens CL, Walter JM, Zijdenbos A, Evans AC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL (2002) Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288:1740–1748
Cavada C, Goldman-Rakic PS (1989) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe. J Comp Neurol 287:422–445
Chartier-Harlin MC, Kachergus J, Roumier C, Mouroux V, Douay X, Lincoln S, Levecque C, Larvor L, Andrieux J, Hulihan M, Waucquier N, Defebvre L, Amouyel P, Farrer M, Destee A (2004) Alpha-synuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 364:1167–1169
Cheon KA, Ryu YH, Kim YK, Namkoong K, Kim CH, Lee JD (2003) Dopamine transporter density in the basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:306–311
Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW (1991) The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 266:1793–1800
Cook EH Jr, Stein MA, Krasowski MD, Cox NJ, Olkon DM, Kieffer JE, Leventhal BL (1995) Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 56:993–998
Creese I, Iversen SD (1973) Blockage of amphetamine induced motor stimulation and stereotypy in the adult rat following neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res 55:369–382
Daly G, Hawi Z, Fitzgerald M, Gill M (1999) Mapping susceptibility loci in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: preferential transmission of parental alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to affected children. Mol Psychiatry 4:192–196
Davids E, Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ (2002) Stereoselective effects of methylphenidate on motor hyperactivity in juvenile rats induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160:92–98
de Villiers AS, Russell VA, Sagvolden T, Searson A, Jaffer A, Taljaard JJ (1995) Alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of [3H]dopamine release from nucleus accumbens slices and monoamine levels in a rat model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurochem Res 20:427–433
Dell’Anna ME, Luthman J, Lindqvist E, Olson L (1993) Development of monoamine systems after neonatal anoxia in rats. Brain Res Bull 32:159–170
Dell’Anna ME, Geloso MC, Draisci G, Luthman J (1995) Transient changes in Fos and GFAP immunoreactivity precede neuronal loss in the rat hippocampus following neonatal anoxia. Exp Neurol 131:144–156
Descarries L, Soghomonian JJ, Garcia S, Doucet G, Bruno JP (1992) Ultrastructural analysis of the serotonin hyperinnervation in adult rat neostriatum following neonatal dopamine denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine. Brain Res 569:1–13
Deutch AY, Roth RH (1990) The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system. Prog Brain Res 85:367–402
Diana G (2002) Does hypertension alone lead to cognitive decline in spontaneously hypertensive rats? Behav Brain Res 134:113–121
DiMaio S, Grizenko N, Joober R (2003) Dopamine genes and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 28:27–38
Dougherty DD, Bonab AA, Spencer TJ, Rauch SL, Madras BK, Fischman AJ (1999) Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 354:2132–2133
Durston S, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Buitelaar JK, Steenhuis MP, Minderaa RB, Kahn RS, van Engeland H (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:332–340
Erinoff L, MacPhail RC, Heller A, Seiden LS (1979) Age-dependent effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on locomotor activity in the rat. Brain Res 164:195–205
Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, King AC, Fitzgerald GA, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ (1994) Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:858–868
Ernst M, Cohen RM, Liebenauer LL, Jons PH, Zametkin AJ (1997) Cerebral glucose metabolism in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:1399–1406
Faraone SV, Doyle AE (2001) The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 10:299–316
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Weiffenbach B, Keith T, Chu MP, Weaver A, Spencer TJ, Wilens TE, Frazier J, Cleves M, Sakai J (1999) Dopamine D4 gene 7-repeat allele and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 156:768–770
Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313–1323
Ferguson SA (1996) Neuroanatomical and functional alterations resulting from early postnatal cerebellar insults in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 55:663–671
Ferguson SA (2001) A review of rodent models of ADHD. In: Solanto MV, Arnsten AFT, Castellanos FX (eds) Stimulant drugs and ADHD, basic and clinical neuroscience. University Press Oxford, Oxford, pp 209–220
Ferguson SA, Holson RR (1999) Neonatal dexamethasone on day 7 causes mild hyperactivity and cerebellar stunting. Neurotoxicol Teratol 21:71–76
Ferguson SA, Paule MG, Holson RR (1996) Functional effects of methylazoxymethanol-induced cerebellar hypoplasia in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 18:529–537
Filipek PA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Renshaw PF, Kennedy DN, Biederman J (1997) Volumetric MRI analysis comparing subjects having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with normal controls. Neurology 48:589–601
Fisher SE, Francks C, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Marlow AJ, MacPhie IL, Newbury DF, Crawford LR, Palmer CG, Woodward JA, Del’Homme M, Cantwell DP, Nelson SF, Monaco AP, Smalley SL (2002) A genomewide scan for loci involved in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Hum Genet 70:1183–1196
Floresco SB, Tse MT (2007) Dopaminergic regulation of inhibitory and excitatory transmission in the basolateral amygdala-prefrontal cortical pathway. J Neurosci 27:2045–2057
Frank Y, Pergolizzi RG, Perilla MJ (2004) Dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol 31:345–348
Franke B, Neale BM, Faraone SV (2009) Genome-wide association studies in ADHD. Hum Genet 126:13–50
Frohna PA, Neal-Beliveau BS, Joyce JN (1997) Delayed plasticity of the mesolimbic dopamine system following neonatal 6-OHDA lesions. Synapse 25:293–305
Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2001) Genetics of childhood disorders: XXIV. ADHD, part 8: hyperdopaminergic mice as an animal model of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:380–382
Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Fumagalli F, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998) Re-evaluation of the role of the dopamine transporter in dopamine system homeostasis. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 26:148–153
Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Levin ED, Jaber M, Caron MG (1999) Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 283:397–401
Gallo A, Gonzalez-Lima F, Sadile AG (2002) Impaired metabolic capacity in the perirhinal and posterior parietal cortex lead to dissociation between attentional, motivational and spatial components of exploration in the Naples high-excitability rat. Behav Brain Res 130:133–140
Garcia-Sanchez C, Estevez-Gonzalez A, Suarez-Romero E, Junque C (1997) Right hemisphere dysfunction in subjects with attention-deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. J Child Neurol 12:107–115
Gelernter J, O’Malley S, Risch N, Kranzler HR, Krystal J, Merikangas K, Kennedy JL, Kidd KK (1991) No association between an allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and alcoholism. JAMA 266:1801–1807
Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Casey BJ, Kozuch P, King AC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL (1994) Quantitative morphology of the corpus callosum in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 151:665–669
Gilger JW, Pennington BF, DeFries JC (1992) A twin study of the etiology of comorbidity: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:343–348
Gill M, Daly G, Heron S, Hawi Z, Fitzgerald M (1997) Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism. Mol Psychiatry 2:311–313
Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379:606–612
Gizer IR, Ficks C, Waldman ID (2009) Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Hum Genet 126:51–90
Grady DL, Chi HC, Ding YC, Smith M, Wang E, Schuck S, Flodman P, Spence MA, Swanson JM, Moyzis RK (2003) High prevalence of rare dopamine receptor D4 alleles in children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 8:536–545
Gramatte T, Schmidt J (1986) The effect of early postnatal hypoxia on the development of locomotor activity in rats. Biomed Biochim Acta 45:523–529
Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, O’Heir CE, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ, Waisbren SE, Faix JD, Klein RZ (1999) Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 341:549–555
Halperin JM, Newcorn JH, Schwartz ST, Sharma V, Siever LJ, Koda VH, Gabriel S (1997) Age-related changes in the association between serotonergic function and aggression in boys with ADHD. Biol Psychiatry 41:682–689
Hasselmo ME, Linster C, Patil M, Ma D, Cekic M (1997) Noradrenergic suppression of synaptic transmission may influence cortical signal-to-noise ratio. J Neurophysiol 77:3326–3339
Hawi Z, Dring M, Kirley A, Foley D, Kent L, Craddock N, Asherson P, Curran S, Gould A, Richards S, Lawson D, Pay H, Turic D, Langley K, Owen M, O’Donovan M, Thapar A, Fitzgerald M, Gill M (2002) Serotonergic system and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a potential susceptibility locus at the 5-HT(1B) receptor gene in 273 nuclear families from a multi-centre sample. Mol Psychiatry 7:718–725
Hebebrand J, Dempfle A, Saar K, Thiele H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Kiefl H, Remschmidt H, Hemminger U, Warnke A, Knolker U, Heiser P, Friedel S, Hinney A, Schafer H, Nurnberg P, Konrad K (2006) A genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 155 German sib-pairs. Mol Psychiatry 11:196–205
Heffner TG, Seiden LS (1982) Possible involvement of serotonergic neurons in the reduction of locomotor hyperactivity caused by amphetamine in neonatal rats depleted of brain dopamine. Brain Res 244:81–90
Heilman KM, Voeller KK, Nadeau SE (1991) A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 6(Suppl):S76–S81
Hess EJ, Jinnah HA, Kozak CA, Wilson MC (1992) Spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity in a mouse mutant with a deletion including the Snap gene on chromosome 2. J Neurosci 12:2865–2874
Hess EJ, Collins KA, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Wilson MC (1994) Deletion map of the coloboma (Cm) locus on mouse chromosome 2. Genomics 21:257–261
Hess EJ, Rogan PK, Domoto M, Tinker DE, Ladda RL, Ramer JC (1995) Absence of linkage of apparently single gene mediated ADHD with the human syntenic region of the mouse mutant Coloboma. Am J Med Genet 60:573–579
Hess EJ, Collins KA, Wilson MC (1996) Mouse model of hyperkinesis implicates SNAP-25 in behavioral regulation. J Neurosci 16:3104–3111
Heyser CJ, Wilson MC, Gold LH (1995) Coloboma hyperactive mutant exhibits delayed neurobehavioral developmental milestones. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 89:264–269
Holets VR (1990) The anatomy and function of noradrenaline in the mammalian brain. In: Heal DJ, Mardsen CA (eds) Pharmacology of noradrenaline in the central nervous system. Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, pp 1–27
Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D (1990) Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Arch Neurol 47:919–926
Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Lyytinen H (1991) Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI. J Learn Disabil 24:141–146
Hynd GW, Hern KL, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Marshall R, Gonzalez JJ, Voeller KK (1993) Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and asymmetry of the caudate nucleus. J Child Neurol 8:339–347
Jaber M, Jones SR, Bosse B, Giros B, Caron MG (1996) Dramatic regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Soc Neurosci Abstr 22:1576
Jaber M, Dumartin B, Sagne C, Haycock JW, Roubert C, Giros B, Bloch B, Caron MG (1999) Differential regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Eur J Neurosci 11:3499–3511
Jones MD, Hess EJ (2003) Norepinephrine regulates locomotor hyperactivity in the mouse mutant coloboma. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:209–216
Jones SR, Garris PA, Kilts CD, Wightman RM (1995) Comparison of dopamine uptake in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, caudate-putamen, and nucleus accumbens of the rat. J Neurochem 64:2581–2589
Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Jaber M, Giros B, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998a) Profound neuronal plasticity in response to inactivation of the dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4029–4034
Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998b) Mechanisms of amphetamine action revealed in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. J Neurosci 18:1979–1986
Jones MD, Williams ME, Hess EJ (2001a) Abnormal presynaptic catecholamine regulation in a hyperactive SNAP-25-deficient mouse mutant. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 68:669–676
Jones MD, Williams ME, Hess EJ (2001b) Expression of catecholaminergic mRNAs in the hyperactive mouse mutant coloboma. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 96:114–121
Joyce JN, Frohna PA, Neal-Beliveau BS (1996) Functional and molecular differentiation of the dopamine system induced by neonatal denervation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 20:453–486
Kelsoe JR, Ginns EI, Egeland JA, Gerhard DS, Goldstein AM, Bale SJ, Pauls DL, Long RT, Kidd KK, Conte G (1989) Re-evaluation of the linkage relationship between chromosome 11p loci and the gene for bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Nature 342:238–243
Knight RT, Scabini D, Woods DL (1989) Prefrontal cortex gating of auditory transmission in humans. Brain Res 504:338–342
Kostrzewa RM, Reader TA, Descarries L (1998) Serotonin neural adaptations to ontogenetic loss of dopamine neurons in rat brain. J Neurochem 70:889–898
Kostrzewa RM, Kostrzewa JP, Kostrzewa RA, Nowak P, Brus R (2008) Pharmacological models of ADHD. J Neural Transm 115:287–298
Krause KH, Dresel SH, Krause J, Kung HF, Tatsch K (2000) Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography. Neurosci Lett 285:107–110
Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Hamburger S, Hibbs E, Potter WZ, Lenane M, Brown GL (1990) Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites, aggression, and impulsivity in disruptive behavior disorders of children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:419–426
Kustanovich V, Ishii J, Crawford L, Yang M, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Smalley SL, Nelson SF (2004) Transmission disequilibrium testing of dopamine-related candidate gene polymorphisms in ADHD: confirmation of association of ADHD with DRD4 and DRD5. Mol Psychiatry 9:711–717
Lahmame A, del Arco C, Pazos A, Yritia M, Armario A (1997) Are Wistar-Kyoto rats a genetic animal model of depression resistant to antidepressants? Eur J Pharmacol 337:115–123
LaHoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Glabe C, Wigal T, King N, Kennedy JL (1996) Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1:121–124
Langleben DD, Acton PD, Austin G, Elman I, Krikorian G, Monterosso JR, Portnoy O, Ridlehuber HW, Strauss HW (2002) Effects of methylphenidate discontinuation on cerebral blood flow in prepubescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Nucl Med 43:1624–1629
Langley K, Marshall L, Van den BM, Thomas H, Owen M, O’Donovan M, Thapar A (2004) Association of the dopamine D4 receptor gene 7-repeat allele with neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 161:133–138
Laucht M, Esser G, Baving L, Gerhold M, Hoesch I, Ihle W, Steigleider P, Stock B, Stoehr RM, Weindrich D, Schmidt MH (2000) Behavioral sequelae of perinatal insults and early family adversity at 8 years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:1229–1237
Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Muller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL (1996) Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274:1527–1531
Lesch KP, Timmesfeld N, Renner TJ, Halperin R, Roser C, Nguyen TT, Craig DW, Romanos J, Heine M, Meyer J, Freitag C, Warnke A, Romanos M, Schafer H, Walitza S, Reif A, Stephan DA, Jacob C (2008) Molecular genetics of adult ADHD: converging evidence from genome-wide association and extended pedigree linkage studies. J Neural Transm 115:1573–1585
Levin PM (1938) Restlessness in children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 39:764–770
Levy F, Hay D (2001) Attention, genes, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychology Press, Philadelphia
Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L (2006) Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet 15:2276–2284
Li Q, Lu G, Antonio GE, Mak YT, Rudd JA, Fan M, Yew DT (2007) The usefulness of the spontaneously hypertensive rat to model attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be explained by the differential expression of dopamine-related genes in the brain. Neurochem Int 50:848–857
Lipp HP, Wahlsten D (1992) Absence of the corpus callosum. In: Driscoll P (ed) Genetically defined animal models of neurobehavioural dysfunctions. Birkhäuser, Boston, pp 217–252
Lipp HP, Waanders R, Wolfer DP (1990) A new mouse model of partial and compleat agenesis of the corpus callosum. Soc Neurosci Abstr 16:925
Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P (1984) Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Arch Neurol 41:825–829
Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P, Borner H, Nielsen JB (1989) Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. Arch Neurol 46:48–52
Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P (1990) Focal cerebral dysfunction in developmental learning disabilities. Lancet 335:8–11
Luthman J, Fredriksson A, Lewander T, Jonsson G, Archer T (1989) Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on hyperactivity produced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 99:550–557
Luthman J, Brodin E, Sundstrom E, Wiehager B (1990) Studies on brain monoamine and neuropeptide systems after neonatal intracerebroventricular 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Int J Dev Neurosci 8:549–560
Luthman J, Bassen M, Fredriksson A, Archer T (1997) Functional changes induced by neonatal cerebral 6-hydroxydopamine treatment: effects of dose levels on behavioral parameters. Behav Brain Res 82:213–221
Magara F, Ricceri L, Wolfer DP, Lipp HP (2000) The acallosal mouse strain I/LnJ: a putative model of ADHD? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:45–50
Mattes JA (1980) The role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis. Compr Psychiatry 21:358–369
McCarty R, Kirby RF (1982) Spontaneous hypertension and open-field behavior. Behav Neural Biol 34:450–452
McCracken JT, Smalley SL, McGough JJ, Crawford L, Del’Homme M, Cantor RM, Liu A, Nelson SF (2000) Evidence for linkage of a tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mol Psychiatry 5:531–536
McDonald MP, Wong R, Goldstein G, Weintraub B, Cheng SY, Crawley JN (1998) Hyperactivity and learning deficits in transgenic mice bearing a human mutant thyroid hormone beta1 receptor gene. Learn Mem 5:289–301
McIntosh DE, Mulkins RS, Dean RS (1995) Utilization of maternal perinatal risk indicators in the differential diagnosis of ADHD and UADD children. Int J Neurosci 81:35–46
Mefford IN, Potter WZ (1989) A neuroanatomical and biochemical basis for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children: a defect in tonic adrenaline mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus stimulation. Med Hypotheses 29:33–42
Middleton FA, Strick PL (1997a) Cerebellar output channels. Int Rev Neurobiol 41:61–82
Middleton FA, Strick PL (1997b) Dentate output channels: motor and cognitive components. Prog Brain Res 114:553–566
Middleton FA, Strick PL (2001) Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal cortex of the primate. J Neurosci 21:700–712
Mill J, Curran S, Richards S, Taylor E, Asherson P (2004) Polymorphisms in the dopamine D5 receptor (DRD5) gene and ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 125B:38–42
Moser MB, Moser EI, Wultz B, Sagvolden T (1988) Component analyses differentiate between exploratory behaviour of spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats in a two-compartment free-exploration open field. Scand J Psychol 29:200–206
Mueller K, Daly M, Fischer M, Yinnoutsos CT, Bauer L, Barkley RA (2003) Association of the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genetic analysis of the Milwaukee longitudinal study. Am J Med Genet 119B:77–85
Myers MM, Whittemore SR, Hendley ED (1981) Changes in catecholamine neuronal uptake and receptor binding in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Brain Res 220:325–338
Myers MM, Musty RE, Hendley ED (1982) Attenuation of hyperactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat by amphetamine. Behav Neural Biol 34:42–54
Nakajo S, Tsukada K, Omata K, Nakamura Y, Nakaya K (1993) A new brain-specific 14-kDa protein is a phosphoprotein. Its complete amino acid sequence and evidence for phosphorylation. Eur J Biochem 217:1057–1063
Noain D, Avale ME, Wedemeyer C, Calvo D, Peper M, Rubinstein M (2006) Identification of brain neurons expressing the dopamine D4 receptor gene using BAC transgenic mice. Eur J Neurosci 24:2429–2438
Oades RD, Daniels R, Rascher W (1998) Plasma neuropeptide-Y levels, monoamine metabolism, electrolyte excretion and drinking behavior in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 80:177–186
Okamoto K, Aoki K (1963) Development of a strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn Circ J 27:282–293
Ordway GA (1995) Effect of noradrenergic lesions on subtypes of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat brain. J Neurochem 64:1118–1126
Papa M, Sellitti S, Sadile AG (2000) Remodeling of neural networks in the anterior forebrain of an animal model of hyperactivity and attention deficits as monitored by molecular imaging probes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:149–156
Pare WP (1989) Stress ulcer and open-field behavior of spontaneously hypertensive, normotensive, and Wistar rats. Pavlov J Biol Sci 24:54–57
Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JW (1996) Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:264–272
Posner MI, Petersen SE (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 13:25–42
Raber J, Mehta PP, Kreifeldt M, Parsons LH, Weiss F, Bloom FE, Wilson MC (1997) Coloboma hyperactive mutant mice exhibit regional and transmitter-specific deficits in neurotransmission. J Neurochem 68:176–186
Rapoport JL, Mikkelsen EJ, Ebert MH, Brown GL, Weise VK, Kopin IJ (1978) Urinary catecholamines and amphetamine excretion in hyperactive and normal boys. J Nerv Ment Dis 166:731–737
Raskin LA, Shaywitz BA, Anderson GM, Cohen DJ, Teicher MH, Linakis J (1983) Differential effects of selective dopamine, norepinephrine or catecholamine depletion on activity and learning in the developing rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 19:743–749
Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Ebert MH, Wood DR (1984) Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in adults with attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychiatry Res 11:71–78
Reja V, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM (2002) Catecholamine-related gene expression correlates with blood pressures in SHR. Hypertension 40:342–347
Rhee SH, Waldman ID, Hay DA, Levy F (1999) Sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on DSM-III-R attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 108:24–41
Roberts DC, Price MT, Fibiger HC (1976) The dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection: an analysis of its role in maze learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 90:363–372
Romanos M, Freitag C, Jacob C, Craig DW, Dempfle A, Nguyen TT, Halperin R, Walitza S, Renner TJ, Seitz C, Romanos J, Palmason H, Reif A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Vogler C, Sigmund J, Warnke A, Schafer H, Meyer J, Stephan DA, Lesch KP (2008) Genome-wide linkage analysis of ADHD using high-density SNP arrays: novel loci at 5q13.1 and 14q12. Mol Psychiatry 13:522–530
Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams SC, Simmons A, Bullmore ET (1999) Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am J Psychiatry 156:891–896
Russell VA (2000) The nucleus accumbens motor-limbic interface of the spontaneously hypertensive rat as studied in vitro by the superfusion slice technique. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:133–136
Russell VA, Wiggins TM (2000) Increased glutamate-stimulated norepinephrine release from prefrontal cortex slices of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metab Brain Dis 15:297–304
Russell V, de Villiers A, Sagvolden T, Lamm M, Taljaard J (1995) Altered dopaminergic function in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen of an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder–the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Res 676:343–351
Russell V, de Villiers A, Sagvolden T, Lamm M, Taljaard J (1998) Differences between electrically-, ritalin- and D-amphetamine-stimulated release of [3H]dopamine from brain slices suggest impaired vesicular storage of dopamine in an animal model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behav Brain Res 94:163–171
Russell V, Allie S, Wiggins T (2000a) Increased noradrenergic activity in prefrontal cortex slices of an animal model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder—the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Behav Brain Res 117:69–74
Russell VA, de Villiers AS, Sagvolden T, Lamm MC, Taljaard JJ (2000b) Methylphenidate affects striatal dopamine differently in an animal model for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Brain Res Bull 53:187–192
Russell VA, Sagvolden T, Johansen EB (2005) Animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Funct 1:9
Sadile AG (1993) What can genetic models tell us about behavioral plasticity? Rev Neurosci 4:287–303
Sadile AG, Lamberti C, Siegfried B, Welzl H (1993) Circadian activity, nociceptive thresholds, nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic activity in the Naples high- and low-excitability rat lines. Behav Brain Res 55:17–27
Sagvolden T (2000) Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:31–39
Sagvolden T, Metzger MA, Schiorbeck HK, Rugland AL, Spinnangr I, Sagvolden G (1992) The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of childhood hyperactivity (ADHD): changed reactivity to reinforcers and to psychomotor stimulants. Behav Neural Biol 58:103–112
Sagvolden T, Pettersen MB, Larsen MC (1993) Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as a putative animal model of childhood hyperkinesis: SHR behavior compared to four other rat strains. Physiol Behav 54:1047–1055
Sagvolden T, Aase H, Zeiner P, Berger D (1998) Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 94:61–71
Sagvolden T, Russell VA, Aase H, Johansen EB, Farshbaf M (2005) Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1239–1247
Schaefer CF, Brackett DJ, Gunn CG, Wilson MF (1978) Behavioral hyperreactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat compared to its normotensive progenitor. Pavlov J Biol Sci 13:211–216
Schmahmann JD (2004) Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 16:367–378
Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC (1998) The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 121(Pt 4):561–579
Schwarting RK, Huston JP (1996) The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model in behavioral brain research. Analysis of functional deficits, recovery and treatments. Prog Neurobiol 50:275–331
Searle AJ (1966) New mutants, vol 2: Colobomba. Mouse Newsl 35:27
Semrud-Clikeman M, Filipek PA, Biederman J, Steingard R, Kennedy D, Renshaw P, Bekken K (1994) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: magnetic resonance imaging morphometric analysis of the corpus callosum. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:875–881
Semrud-Clikeman M, Steingard RJ, Filipek P, Biederman J, Bekken K, Renshaw PF (2000) Using MRI to examine brain-behavior relationships in males with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:477–484
Senior SL, Ninkina N, Deacon R, Bannerman D, Buchman VL, Cragg SJ, Wade-Martins R (2008) Increased striatal dopamine release and hyperdopaminergic-like behaviour in mice lacking both alpha-synuclein and gamma-synuclein. Eur J Neurosci 27:947–957
Shaywitz BA, Klopper JH, Yager RD, Gordon JW (1976a) Paradoxical response to amphetamine in developing rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Nature 261:153–155
Shaywitz BA, Yager RD, Klopper JH (1976b) Selective brain dopamine depletion in developing rats: an experimental model of minimal brain dysfunction. Science 191:305–308
Shaywitz BA, Cohen DJ, Bowers MB Jr (1977) CSF monoamine metabolites in children with minimal brain dysfunction: evidence for alteration of brain dopamine. A preliminary report. J Pediatr 90:67–71
Shekim WO, Dekirmenjian H, Chapel JL (1977) Urinary catecholamine metabolites in hyperkinetic boys treated with d-amphetamine. Am J Psychiatry 134:1276–1279
Shekim WO, Dekirmenjian H, Chapel JL (1979) Urinary MHPG excretion in minimal brain dysfunction and its modification by d-amphetamine. Am J Psychiatry 136:667–671
Shekim WO, Javaid J, Davis JM, Bylund DB (1983) Urinary MHPG and HVA excretion in boys with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity treated with d-amphetamine. Biol Psychiatry 18:707–714
Shekim WO, Sinclair E, Glaser R, Horwitz E, Javaid J, Bylund DB (1987) Norepinephrine and dopamine metabolites and educational variables in boys with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. J Child Neurol 2:50–56
Shetty T, Chase TN (1976) Central monoamines and hyperkinase of childhood. Neurology 26:1000–1002
Sieg KG, Gaffney GR, Preston DF, Hellings JA (1995) SPECT brain imaging abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Nucl Med 20:55–60
Siesser WB, Zhao J, Miller LR, Cheng SY, McDonald MP (2006) Transgenic mice expressing a human mutant beta1 thyroid receptor are hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive. Genes Brain Behav 5:282–297
Simson PE, Weiss JM (1987) Alpha-2 receptor blockade increases responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons to excitatory stimulation. J Neurosci 7:1732–1740
Smidt J, Heiser P, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Hemminger U, Kathofer A, Halbach A, Strub J, Grabarkiewicz J, Kiefl H, Linder M, Knolker U, Warnke A, Remschmidt H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Hebebrand J (2003) Formal genetic findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 71:366–377
Solanto MV (1998) Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration. Behav Brain Res 94:127–152
Son GH, Chung S, Geum D, Kang SS, Choi WS, Kim K, Choi S (2007) Hyperactivity and alteration of the midbrain dopaminergic system in maternally stressed male mice offspring. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 352:823–829
Speiser Z, Korczyn AD, Teplitzky I, Gitter S (1983) Hyperactivity in rats following postnatal anoxia. Behav Brain Res 7:379–382
Speiser Z, Amitzi-Sonder J, Gitter S, Cohen S (1988) Behavioral differences in the developing rat following postnatal anoxia or postnatally injected AF-64A, a cholinergic neurotoxin. Behav Brain Res 30:89–94
Spivak B, Vered Y, Yoran-Hegesh R, Averbuch E, Mester R, Graf E, Weizman A (1999) Circulatory levels of catecholamines, serotonin and lipids in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99:300–304
Stachowiak MK, Bruno JP, Snyder AM, Stricker EM, Zigmond MJ (1984) Apparent sprouting of striatal serotonergic terminals after dopamine-depleting brain lesions in neonatal rats. Brain Res 291:164–167
Stefanatos GA, Wasserstein J (2001) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a right hemisphere syndrome. Selective literature review and detailed neuropsychological case studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 931:172–195
Steffensen SC, Wilson MC, Henriksen SJ (1996) Coloboma contiguous gene deletion encompassing Snap alters hippocampal plasticity. Synapse 22:281–289
Stein DJ, Hollander E, Liebowitz MR (1993) Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5:9–17
Swanson JM, Sunohara GA, Kennedy JL, Regino R, Fineberg E, Wigal T, Lerner M, Williams L, LaHoste GJ, Wigal S (1998) Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a family-based approach. Mol Psychiatry 3:38–41
Teicher MH, Barber NI, Reichheld JH, Baldessarini RJ, Finklestein SP (1986) Selective depletion of cerebral norepinephrine with 6-hydroxydopamine and GBR-12909 in neonatal rat. Brain Res 395:124–128
Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF (2000) Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nat Med 6:470–473
Thompson CC, Potter GB (2000) Thyroid hormone action in neural development. Cereb Cortex 10:939–945
Todd RD, Neuman RJ, Lobos EA, Jong YJ, Reich W, Heath AC (2001) Lack of association of dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms with ADHD subtypes in a population sample of twins. Am J Med Genet 105:432–438
Totterdell S, Meredith GE (2005) Localization of alpha-synuclein to identified fibers and synapses in the normal mouse brain. Neuroscience 135:907–913
Totterdell S, Hanger D, Meredith GE (2004) The ultrastructural distribution of alpha-synuclein-like protein in normal mouse brain. Brain Res 1004:61–72
Towle AC, Criswell HE, Maynard EH, Lauder JM, Joh TH, Mueller RA, Breese GR (1989) Serotonergic innervation of the rat caudate following a neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion: an anatomical, biochemical and pharmacological study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34:367–374
Tsuda K, Tsuda S, Masuyama Y, Goldstein M (1990) Norepinephrine release and neuropeptide Y in medulla oblongata of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 15:784–790
Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G, Ridlehuber HW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD (1998) Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:14494–14499
van der Kooij MA, Glennon JC (2007) Animal models concerning the role of dopamine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:597–618
Viggiano D, Sadile AG (2000) Hypertrophic A10 dopamine neurones in a rat model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuroreport 11:3677–3680
Viggiano D, Grammatikopoulos G, Sadile AG (2002a) A morphometric evidence for a hyperfunctioning mesolimbic system in an animal model of ADHD. Behav Brain Res 130:181–189
Viggiano D, Vallone D, Welzl H, Sadile AG (2002b) The Naples high- and low-excitability rats: selective breeding, behavioral profile, morphometry, and molecular biology of the mesocortical dopamine system. Behav Genet 32:315–333
Viggiano D, Ruocco LA, Pignatelli M, Grammatikopoulos G, Sadile AG (2003a) Prenatal elevation of endocannabinoids corrects the unbalance between dopamine systems and reduces activity in the Naples High Excitability rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:129–139
Viggiano D, Vallone D, Ruocco LA, Sadile AG (2003b) Behavioural, pharmacological, morpho-functional molecular studies reveal a hyperfunctioning mesocortical dopamine system in an animal model of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27:683–689
Waldman ID, Rowe DC, Abramowitz A, Kozel ST, Mohr JH, Sherman SL, Cleveland HH, Sanders ML, Gard JM, Stever C (1998) Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 63:1767–1776
Wang YM, Xu F, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (1999) Genetic approaches to studying norepinephrine function: knockout of the mouse norepinephrine transporter gene. Biol Psychiatry 46:1124–1130
Weiss RE, Refetoff S (2000) Resistance to thyroid hormone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1:97–108
Weiss RE, Stein MA, Trommer B, Refetoff S (1993) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and thyroid function. J Pediatr 123:539–545
Wender PH, Epstein RS, Kopin IJ, Gordon EK (1971) Urinary monoamine metabolites in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Am J Psychiatry 127:1411–1415
Willner P (1991) Behavioural models in psychopharmacology. In: Willner P (ed) Cambridge University Press
Wilson MC (2000) Coloboma mouse mutant as an animal model of hyperkinesis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:51–57
Winsberg BG, Comings DE (1999) Association of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) with poor methylphenidate response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1474–1477
Wyss JM, Fisk G, Van Groen T (1992) Impaired learning and memory in mature spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 592:135–140
Yeo RA, Hill DE, Campbell RA, Vigil J, Petropoulos H, Hart B, Zamora L, Brooks WM (2003) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the right frontal lobe in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:303–310
Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, King AC, Semple WE, Rumsey J, Hamburger S, Cohen RM (1990) Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med 323:1361–1366
Zametkin AJ, Liebenauer LL, Fitzgerald GA, King AC, Minkunas DV, Herscovitch P, Yamada EM, Cohen RM (1993) Brain metabolism in teenagers with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:333–340
Zarranz JJ, Alegre J, Gomez-Esteban JC, Lezcano E, Ros R, Ampuero I, Vidal L, Hoenicka J, Rodriguez O, Atares B, Llorens V, Gomez TE, del Ser T, Munoz DG, de Yebenes JG (2004) The new mutation, E46K, of alpha-synuclein causes Parkinson and Lewy body dementia. Ann Neurol 55:164–173
Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ (2001) Role of dopamine D(4) receptors in motor hyperactivity induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:624–632
Zhang K, Davids E, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ (2002a) Serotonin transporter binding increases in caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens after neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats: implications for motor hyperactivity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 137:135–138
Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Davids E, Baldessarini RJ (2002b) Plasticity of dopamine D4 receptors in rat forebrain: temporal association with motor hyperactivity following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:625–633
Zhou K, Dempfle A, Arcos-Burgos M, Bakker SC, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar J, Castellanos FX, Doyle A, Ebstein RP, Ekholm J, Forabosco P, Franke B, Freitag C, Friedel S, Gill M, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Jacob C, Lesch KP, Loo SK, Lopera F, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Meyer J, Mick E, Miranda A, Muenke M, Mulas F, Nelson SF, Nguyen TT, Oades RD, Ogdie MN, Palacio JD, Pineda D, Reif A, Renner TJ, Roeyers H, Romanos M, Rothenberger A, Schafer H, Sergeant J, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, van der ME, Walitza S, Warnke A, Lewis CM, Faraone SV, Asherson P P (2008) Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatry Genet 147B:1392–1398
RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue
Search and Browse the WWW like it's 1997 | Search results from DuckDuckGo
HTML:
3.2
| Encoding:
UTF-8
| Version:
0.7.4