Aebi II (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Arditti J, Dunn A (1969) Environmental plant physiology—experiments in cellular and plant physiology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc, New York

Google Scholar 

Arrigoni O (1994) Ascorbate system in plant development. J Bioenerg Biomemb 26:407–419

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Asada K (1999) The water-water cycle in chloroplasts: scavenging of active oxygen and dissipation of excess photons. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50:601–639

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balestrasse KB, Benavides MP, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2003) Effect of cadmium stress on nitrogen metabolism in nodules and roots of soybean plants. Funct Plant Biol 30:57–64

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Balestrasse KB, Gallego SM, Tomaro ML (2006) Oxidation of the enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation plays an important role in the cadmium-induced toxicity in soybean plants. Plant Soil 284:187–194

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Beevers L, Guernsey FS (1966) Changes in some nitrogenous components during the germination of pea seeds. Plant Physiol 41:1455–1458

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brehe JE, Burch HB (1976) Enzymatic assay for glutathione. Anal Biochem 74:189–197

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Celik I, Tuluce Y, Isik I (2007) Evaluation of toxicity of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid in rats: 50 days drinking water study. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem 22:219–226

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chao YY, Hong CY, Kao CH (2010) The decline in ascorbic acid content is associated with cadmium toxicity of rice seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:374–381

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cordoba-Pedregosa MC, Gonzalez-Reyes JA, Sanadillas MS, Navas P, Cordoba F (1996) Role of apoplastic and cell-wall peroxidases on the stimulation of root elongation by ascorbate. Plant Physiol 112:1119–1125

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Corpas F, Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Lopez-Huertas E, Romero-Puertas MC, Barroso JB (1999) Purification of catalase from pea leaf peroxisomes: identification of five different isoforms. Free Rad Res 31:235–241

Article  Google Scholar 

Debouba M, Gouia H, Suzuki A, Ghorbel MH (2006) NaCl stress effects on enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway in tomato “Lycopersicon esculentum” seedlings. J Plant Physiol 163:1247–1258

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fuchs Y, Lieberman M (1968) Effects of kinetin, IAA and gibberellin on ethylene production and their interactions in growth of seedlings. Plant Physiol 43:2029–2036

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gajewska E, Sklodowska M (2009) Nickel-induced changes in nitrogen metabolism in wheat shoots. J Plant Physiol 166:1034–1044

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giannopolitis CN, Reis SK (1977) Superoxide dismutase. I. occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol 59:309–314

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gossett DR, Millhollon EP, Cran LM (1994) Antioxidant response to NaCl stress in salt-sensitive cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci 34:706–714

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hansen H, Grossmann K (2000) Auxin-induced ethylene triggers abscisic acid biosynthesis and growth inhibition. Plant Physiol 124:1437–1448

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hernández JA, Escobar C, Creissen G, Mullineaux PM (2004) Role of hydrogen peroxide and the redox state of ascorbate in the induction of antioxidant enzymes in pea leaves under excess light stress. Funct Plant Biol 31:359–368

Article  Google Scholar 

Hooley R (1994) Gibberellins: perception, transduction responses. Plant Mol Biol 26:1529–1555

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hossain MA, Asada K (1984) Purification of dehydroascorbate reductase from spinach and its characterization as thiol enzyme. Plant Cell Physiol 25:85–92

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kerk NM, Feldman LJ (1995) A biochemical model for initiation and maintenance of the quiescent center: implications for organization of root meristems. Plant Dev 121:2825–2833

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kotas J, Stasicka Z (2000) Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation. Environ Pollut 107:263–283

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kumar S, Joshi UN (2008) Nitrogen metabolism as affected by hexavalent chromium in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Environ Exp Bot 64:135–144

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lang CA (1958) Simple microdetermination of Kjeldahl nitrogen in biological materials. Anal Chem 30:1692–1694

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lappartient AG, Touraine B (1996) Demand-driven control of root ATP sulfurylase activity and sulphate uptake in intact Canola. Plant Physiol 111:147–157

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lillo C (1984) Diurnal variations of nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase in barley leaves. Physiol Plant 61:214–218

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Loulakakis KA, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Kanellis AK (1994) Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in avocado fruit during development and ripening. Plant Physiol 106:217–222

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Pageau K, Lelandias M, Grandjean J, Valadier MH, Feraud M, Jouglet T, Suzuki A (2006) Glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway and glutamate dehydrogenase play distinct roles in the sink source nitrogen cycle in tobacco. Plant Physiol 140:444–456

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Matsuoka M (2003) Gibberellin signaling: how do plant cells respond to GA signals? J Plant Growth Regul 22:123–125

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Molins-Legua C, Meseguer-Lloret S, Moliner-Martinez Y, Campíns-Falcó P (2006) A guide for selecting the most appropriate method for ammonium determination in water analysis. Trends Anal Chem 25:282–290

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mori IC, Schroeder JI (2004) Reactive oxygen species activation of plant Ca²⁺ channels. a signaling mechanism in polar growth, hormone transduction, stress signaling and hypothetically mechanotransduction. Plant Physiol 135:702–708

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nakano Y, Asada K (1981) Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol 22:867–880

CAS  Google Scholar 

Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:249–279

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nouairi I, Ammar WB, Youssef NB, Miled DDB, Ghorbal MB, Zarrouk M (2009) Antioxidant defense system in leaves of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and rape (Brassica napus) under cadmium stress. Acta Physiol Plant 31:237–247

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ogawa K, Soutome R, Hiroyama K, Hagio T, Ida S, Nakagawa H (2000) Co-regulation of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in cultured spinach cells. J Plant Physiol 157:299–306

CAS  Google Scholar 

Panda SK (2007) Chromium-mediated oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes in root cells of developing rice seedlings. J Plant Physiol 164:1419–1428

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pandey V, Dixit V, Shyam R (2009a) Chromium (VI) induced changes in growth and root plasma membrane redox activities in pea plants. Protoplasma 235:49–55

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pandey V, Dixit V, Shyam R (2009b) Chromium effect on ROS generation and detoxification in pea (Pisum sativum) leaf chloroplasts. Protoplasma 236:85–95

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Romero-Puertas M, Palma JM, Gómez M, del Río LA (2002) Cadmium causes the oxidative modification of proteins in pea plants. Plant Cell Environ 25:677–686

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Salin ML (1988) Toxic oxygen species and protective systems of the chloroplast. Physiol Plant 72:681–689

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sandalio LM, Dalurzo HC, Gómez M, Romero-Puertas MC, del Río LA (2001) Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. J Exp Bot 52:2115–2126

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schaedle M, Bassham JA (1977) Chloroplast glutathione reductase. Plant Physiol 59:1011–1012

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Scheller HV, Huang B, Hatch E, Goldsbrough PB (1987) Phytochelatin synthesis and glutathione levels in response to heavy metals in tomato cells. Plant Physiol 85:1031–1035

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schiavon M, Pilon-Smits EAH, Wirtz M, Hell R, Malagoli M (2008) Interaction between chromium and sulfur metabolism in Brassica juncea. J Environ Qual 37:1536–1545

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shan C, Liang Z (2010) Jasmonic acid regulates ascorbate and glutathione metabolism in Agropyron cristatum leaves under water stress. Plant Sci 178:130–139

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shanker AK, Djanaguiraman M, Sudhagar R, Chandrashekar CN, Pathmanabhan G (2004) Differential antioxidative response of ascorbate glutathione pathway enzymes and metabolites to chromium speciation stress in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. Cv CO 4) roots. Plant Sci 166:1035–1043

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Dubey RS (2005) Modulation of nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings under aluminium toxicity and water stress: role of osmolytes as enzyme protectant. J Plant Physiol 162:854–864

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Shen Z, Shen Q, Liang Y, Liu Y (1994) Effect of nitrogen on the growth and photosynthetic activity of salt-stressed barley. J Plant Nutr 17:787–789

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh RP, Srivastava HS (1983) Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity by amino acids in maize seedlings. Physiol Plant 57:549–554

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh RP, Srivastava HS (1986) Increase in glutamate synthase (NADH) activity in maize seedlings in response to nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. Physiol Plant 66:413–416

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Paschalidis KA (2006) Abiotic stress generates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamate dehydrogenases to form glutamate for proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell 18:2767–2781

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Solomonson LP, Barber MJ (1990) Assimilatory nitrate reductase; functional properties and regulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41:225–253

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Srivastava HS, Singh RP (1987) Role and regulation of l-glutamate dehydrogenase during defence response in maize. Phytochemistry 26:597–610

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Syntichaki KM, Loulakakis KA, Roubelaki-Angelakis KA (1996) The amino acid sequence similarity of plant glutamate dehydrogenase to the extremophilic archaeal enzyme conforms to its stress-related function. Gene 168:87–92

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tuna AL, Kaya C, Dikilitas M, Higgs D (2008) The combined effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on some antioxidant enzyme activities, plant growth parameters and nutritional status in maize plants. Environ Exp Bot 62:1–9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vazques MD, Poschenrieder C, Barcelo J (1987) Chromium VI induced structural and ultrastructural changes in bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann Bot (Lond) 59:427–438

Google Scholar 

Vernay P, Gauthier-Moussard C, Hitmi A (2007) Interaction of bioaccumulation of heavy metal chromium with water relation, mineral nutrition and photosynthesis in developed leaves of Lolium perenne L. Chemosphere 68:1563–1575

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wallace A, Soufi SM, Cha JW, Romney EM (1976) Some effects of chromium toxicity on bush bean plants grown in soil. Plant Soil 44:471–473

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wen F, Zhang Z, Bai T, Xu Q, Pan Y (2010) Proteomics reveals the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) on salt-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L.) shoots. Plant Sci 178:170–175

Article  CAS  Google Scholar