Sharma G, Pathania D, Naushad M, Kothiyal NC (2014) Fabrication, characterization and antimicrobial activity of polyaniline Th(IV) tungstomolybdophosphate nanocomposite material: Efficient removal of toxic metal ions from water. Chem Eng J 251: 413–421

Sekar M, Sakthi V, Rengaraj S (2004) Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of lead(II) onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shell. J Coll Interface Sci 279:307–313

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

AL-Othman ZA, Inamuddin, Naushad M (2011) Determination of ion-exchange kinetic parameters for the poly-o-methoxyaniline Zr(1V) molybdate composite cation-exchanger. Chem Eng J 166:639–645

Nabi SA, Bushra R, Naushad M, Khan A (2010) Synthesis, characterization and ion exchange behavior of composite material, poly-o-toluidine stannic molybdate and its use in the separation of toxic metal ions. Chem Eng J 165:529–536

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization International Standards of Drinking Water. W.H.O., Geneva, Switzerland

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1990) Environmental pollution control alter-natives, EPA/625/5-90/025, EPA/625/4-89/023. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati

Google Scholar 

Yardim MF, Budinova T, Ekinci E, Petrov N, Razvigorova M, Minkova V (2003) Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solution by activated carbon obtained from furfural. Chemosphere 52:835–841

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Adams DH, Christian S, Niladri B, Rune D, Dong-Ha N, Pall SL, Asger LJ (2010) Mercury contamination in spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus: an assessment of liver, kidney, blood, and nervous system health. Sci Total Environ 408:5808–5816

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Piani R, Covelli S, Biester H (2005) Mercury contamination in Marano Lagoon (Northern Adriatic sea, Italy): source identification by analyses of Hg phases. Appl Geochem 20:1546–1559

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

ALOthman ZA, Naushad M, Nilchi A (2011) Development, characterization and ion exchange thermodynamics for a new crystalline composite cation exchange material: application for the removal of Pb²⁺ ion from a standard sample (rompin hematite). J Inorg Organomet Polym 21:547–559

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

ALOthman ZA, Alam MM, Naushad M (2013) Heavy toxic metal ion exchange kinetics: Validation of ion exchange process of composite cation exchanger nylon 6,6 Zr(IV) phosphate. J Ind Eng Chem 19:956–960

Sitting M (1981) Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Noyes, Park Ridge

Google Scholar 

Nabi SA, Naushad M, Inamuddin (2007) Synthesis and characterization of a new inorganic cation exchanger Zr(IV) tungstomolybdate: analytical applications for metal content determination in real sample and synthetic mixture. J Hazard Mater 42:404–411

Article  Google Scholar 

Nabi SA, Naushad M (2007) Studies of cation exchange thermodynamics for alkaline earths and transition metal ions on a new crystalline cation exchanger: aluminium tungstate and distribution coefficient values of metal ions in surfactant media. Coll Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 293:175–184

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Neetu (2011) Synthesis, characterization and sorption behavior of zirconium(IV) antimonotungstate: an inorganic ion exchanger. Desalination 267:277–285

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nabi SA, Khan AM (2006) Synthesis, ion exchange properties and analytical applications of stannic silicomolybdate: effect of temperature on distribution coefficients of metal ions. React Funct Polym 66:495–508

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chubar N (2011) New inorganic (an)ion exchangers based on Mg–Al hydrous oxides: (Alkoxide-free) sol–gel synthesis and characterization. J Coll Interface Sci 357:198–209

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nabi SA, Naushad M (2010) A new electron exchange material Ti(IV) iodovanadate: synthesis, characterization and analytical applications. Chem Eng J 158:100–107

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Han R, Li H, Li Y, Zhang J, Xiao H, Shi J (2006) Biosorption of copper and lead ions by waste beer yeast. J Hazard Mater 11:1569–1576

Article  Google Scholar 

Lagergren S (1898) About the theory of so called adsorption of soluble substances. Kungl Sven Vetenskapsakad Handl Band 24:1–39

Google Scholar 

Ho YS, McKay G (1998) Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chem Eng J 70:115–124

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J Am Chem Soc 40:1361–1403

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Naushad M, ALOthman ZA, Khan MR (2013) Removal of malathion from water using De-Acidite FF-IP resin and determination by UPLC-MS/MS: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Talanta 115:15–23

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen AH, Liu SC, Chen CY, Chen CY (2008) Comparative adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution on the crosslinked chitosan with epichlorohydrin. J Hazard Mater 154:184–191

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tran HV, Tran LD, Nguyen TN (2010) Preparation of chitosan/magnetite composite beads and their application for removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution. Mater Sci Eng C 30:304–310

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ng JCY, Cheung WH, McKay G (2003) Equilibrium studies for the sorption of lead from effluents using chitosan. Chemosphere 52:1021–1030

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Chang X, Li D, Hu Z, Li R, He Q (2011) Adsorption of chromium(III), mercury(II) and lead(II) ions onto 4-aminoantipyrine immobilized bentonite. J Hazard Mater 186:1076–1081

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guerra DJL, Mello I, Resende R, Silva R (2013) Application as absorbents of natural and functionalized Brazilian bentonite in Pb2 + adsorption: equilibrium, kinetic, pH, and thermodynamic effects. Water Res Ind 4:32–50

Article  Google Scholar 

Feng Q, Lin Q, Gong F, Sugita S, Shoya M (2004) Competitive adsorption of model charged proteins: the effect of total charge and charge distribution. J Colloid Interface Sci 278:1–8

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Depci T, Kul AR, Onal Y (2012) Competitive adsorption of lead and zinc from aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared from Van apple pulp: study in single- and multi-solute systems. Chem Eng J 200:224–236

Article  Google Scholar 

Pehlivan E, Altun T, Parlayici S (2009) Utilization of barley straws as biosorbents for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions. J Hazard Mater 164:982–986

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Momcilovic M, Purenovic M, Bojic A, Zarubica A, Ranpelovic M (2011) Removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pine cone activated carbon. Desalination 276:53–59

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tan Z, Qiu J, Zeng H, Liu H, Xiang J (2011) Removal ofelemental mercury by bamboo charcoal impregnated with H₂O₂. Fuel 90:1471–1475

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Manohar DM, Krishnan KA, Anirudhan TS (2002) Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry wastewater using 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-clay. Water Res 36:1609–1619

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dong J, Xu Z, Wang F (2008) Engineering and characterization of mesoporous silica-coated magnetic particles for mercury removal fromindustrial effluents. Appl Surf Sci 254:3522–3530

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Karthikeyan J, Chaudhuri M (1986) Enhancement of mercury(II) sorption from water by coal through chemical pretreatment. Water Res 20:449–452

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goel J, Kadirvelu K, Rajagopal C (2004) Competitive sorption of Cu (II), Pb (II) and Hg(II) ions fromaqueous solution using coconut shell-based activated carbon. Adsorpt Sci Technol 22:257–273

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meena AK, Kadirvelu K, Mishra GK, Rajagopal C, Nagar PN (2008) Adsorptive removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by treated sawdust (Acacia arabica). J Hazard Mater 150:604–611

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Freundlich H, Heller W (1939) The adsorption of cis-and trans-zaobenzene. J Am Chem Soc 61:2228–2230

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cano JVF, Ramos RL, Barron JM, Coronado RMG, Pina AA, Delgado GJL (2013) Sorption mechanism of Cd(II) from water solution onto chicken egg shell. Appl Surf Sci 276:682–690

Article  Google Scholar