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An Aqueous Extract of the Dry Mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum Induces Resistance in Several Crops under Controlled and Field Conditions

We have examined the effect of Pen, an aqueous extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum, on plant–pathogen interactions. Pen controlled a broad range of pathogens on several crop plants under greenhouse and field conditions. Pen protected grapevine from downy and powdery mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola and Uncinula necator), tomato from early blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans), onion from downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) and apple trees from apple scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) to a similar extent as fungicides such as copper and sulphur or well-known inducers such as benzothiadiazole or β-aminobutyric acid. Pen had no major direct fungicidal effect and is thus supposed to protect plants by activating their defense mechanisms. The raw material for extraction of Pen was available in constant quality, a prerequisite for commercial application. Under certain conditions, Pen caused phytotoxic side effects. The symptoms mostly consisted of small necrotic spots or, more rarely, of larger necrotic areas. The development of the symptoms was dependent on several parameters, including concentration of Pen, the number of applications, the persistence on the plant tissue, the plant species and variety and environmental conditions. In grapevine, a partially purified fraction of Pen was much less toxic than the crude Pen extract, but protected the plants to a similar extent against P. viticola. Our data show that Pen has interesting and unique properties as a plant protection agent, but more research is needed to further reduce its phytotoxic side effects.

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Pen:

an aqueous extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum

Pen₂₀₀₀ :

a size fraction of Pen (>2000 Da) gained by dialysis

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1. Urs Guyer

   Present address: Institute of Plant Science, ETH centre, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland

1. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Ackerstrasse, 5070, Frick, Switzerland

   Barbara Thuerig, Urs Guyer, Sonia Jiménez, Christina Rentsch & Lucius Tamm

2. Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

   Andres Binder

3. Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

   Thomas Boller

1. Barbara Thuerig
2. Andres Binder
3. Thomas Boller
4. Urs Guyer
5. Sonia Jiménez
6. Christina Rentsch
7. Lucius Tamm

Correspondence to Barbara Thuerig.

Thuerig, B., Binder, A., Boller, T. et al. An Aqueous Extract of the Dry Mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum Induces Resistance in Several Crops under Controlled and Field Conditions. Eur J Plant Pathol 114, 185–197 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-4512-6

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• Accepted: 17 October 2005

• Issue Date: February 2006

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-4512-6

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