American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (fourth edition (text revision)). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Arlington

Book  Google Scholar 

Brady K, Killeen T, Brewerton T, Lucerini S (2000) Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 7):22–32

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breslau N (2002) Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Can J Psychiatry 47(10):923–929

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breslau N, Kessler R, Chilcoat H, Schultz L, Davis G, Andreski P (1998) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(7):626–632

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC (1999) Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Am J Psychiatry 156(6):902–907

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cohen L, Soares C, Otto M, Sweeney B, Liberman R, Harlow B (2002) Prevalence and predictors of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in older premenopausal women. The Harvard Study of Moods and Cycles. J Affect Disord 70(2):125–132

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crowne DP, Marlowe D (1960) A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. J Consult Psychol 24(4):349–354

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Deuster P, Adera T, South-Paul J (1999) Biological, social, and behavioral factors associated with premenstrual syndrome. Arch Fam Med 8(2):122–128

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fontana A, Palfai T (1994) Psychosocial factors in premenstrual dysphoria: stressors, appraisal, and coping processes. J Psychosom Res 38(6):557–567

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Girdler SS, Thompson KS, Light KC, Leserman J, Pedersen CA, Prange AJ (2004) Historical sexual abuse and current thyroid axis profiles in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychosom Med 66(3):403–410

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Golding J, Taylor D, Menard L, King M (2000) Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a sample of women seeking treatment for premenstrual syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 21(2):69–80

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grant, B. F. (2005). Wave 2 national epidemiologic survey of alcohol and related conditions (NESARC)

Halbreich U, Borenstein J, Pearlstein T, Kahn L (2003) The prevalence, impairment, impact, and burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMS/PMDD). Psychoneuroendocrinology 28(Suppl 3):1–23

CAS  Google Scholar 

Karam EG, Andrews G, Bromet E, Petukhova M, Ruscio AM, Salamoun M et al (2010) The role of criterion A2 in the DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68(5):465–473

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessler R, Ustün T (2004) The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13(2):93–121

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessler R, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson C (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52(12):1048–1060

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kessler R, Abelson J, Demler O, Escobar J, Gibbon M, Guyer M et al (2004) Clinical calibration of DSM-IV diagnoses in the World Mental Health (WMH) version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMHCIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13(2):122–139

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):593–602

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kilpatrick DG, Saunders BE (1999) Prevalence and consequences of child victimization. Results from the national survey of adolescents. Medical University of South Carolina, National Crime Victims Center, Charleston

Google Scholar 

Koci A, Strickland O (2007) Relationship of adolescent physical and sexual abuse to perimenstrual symptoms (PMS) in adulthood. Issues Ment Health Nurs 28(1):75–87

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landén M, Wennerblom B, Tygesen H, Modigh K, Sörvik K, Ysander C et al (2004) Heart rate variability in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29(6):733–740

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawler C, Ouimette P, Dahlstedt D (2005) Posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping, and physical health status among university students seeking health care. J Trauma Stress 18(6):741–750

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Löwe B, Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Mussell M, Rose M et al (2010) Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care patients: cross-sectional criterion standard study. J Clin Psychiatry 72:304–312

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsumoto T, Ushiroyama T, Kimura T, Hayashi T, Moritani T (2007) Altered autonomic nervous system activity as a potential etiological factor of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Biopsychosoc Med 1:24

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pearlstein T, Steiner M (2008) Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and treatment update. J Psychiatry Neurosci 33(4):291–301

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pennell B, Bowers A, Carr D, Chardoul S, Cheung G, Dinkelmann K et al (2004) The development and implementation of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, the National Survey of American Life, and the National Latino and Asian American Survey. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13(4):241–269

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perkonigg A, Yonkers K, Pfister H, Lieb R, Wittchen H (2004) Risk factors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a community sample of young women: the role of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65(10):1314–1322

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pietrzak RH, Goldstein RB, Southwick SM, Grant BF (2011) Prevalence and axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Anxiety Disord 25(3):456–465

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pole N (2007) The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 133(5):725–746

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Dansky B, Saunders B, Best C (1993) Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol 61(6):984–991

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schnurr PP, Green BL (2004) Understanding relationships among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health outcomes. In: Schnurr PP, Green BL (eds) Trauma and health: physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 247–275

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Schnurr P, Jankowski M (1999) Physical health and post-traumatic stress disorder: review and synthesis. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 4(4):295–304

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schnurr P, Green B, Kaltman S (2007) Trauma exposure and physical health. In: Friedman MJ, Keane TM, Resick P (eds) Handbook of PTSD. Science and Practice. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 406–424

Google Scholar 

Sledjeski EM, Speisman B, Dierker LC (2008) Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). J Behav Med 31(4):341–349

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein DJ, Kupfer DJ, Schatzberg AF (2006) The American psychiatric publishing textbook of mood disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Arlington

Google Scholar 

Steiner M, Macdougall M, Brown E (2003) The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians. Arch Womens Ment Health 6(3):203–209

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

U.S. Census Bureau (2010) Poverty—how the census bureau measures poverty. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/measure.html. Accessed 18 Jul 2011

WHO (2009) Death and DALY estimates for 2004 by cause for WHO Member States: females, 3 age groups. In gbddeathdalycountryestimates_female_age_2004.xls (ed.)

Wittchen H, Becker E, Lieb R, Krause P (2002) Prevalence, incidence and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community. Psychol Med 32(1):119–132

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wittchen H, Perkonigg A, Pfister H (2003) Trauma and PTSD-an overlooked pathogenic pathway for premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Arch Womens Ment Health 6(4):293–297

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar