In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Similar content being viewed by others Explore related subjectsDiscover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning. IntroductionThe virus order Mononegavirales was established in 1991 to accommodate related viruses with nonsegmented, linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes. These viruses were initially assigned to three mononegavirus families: Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae [32, 33]. The families Bornaviridae and Nyamiviridae joined the order in 1996 [34] and 2014 [1, 25], respectively, followed by the families Mymonaviridae, Pneumoviridae, and Sunviridae in 2016 [2]. The order was continuously amended in 1995 [7], 1997 [35], 2000 [36], 2005 [37], 2011 [17], and 2016 [2]. In 2016, the Study Groups of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) responsible for the taxonomy of the order and its eight families assigned unclassified mononegaviruses to existing or novel taxa and continued efforts to streamline order nomenclature. Here we present the changes that were (re)proposed via official ICTV taxonomic proposals (TaxoProps) at http://www.ictvonline.org/ in 2016 and that were accepted by the ICTV Executive Committee. These changes are official ICTV taxonomy as of 2017.
Taxonomic changes at the order levelNo changes were made at the order level.
Taxonomic changes at the family level BornaviridaeThe family Bornaviridae remains monogeneric but was expanded in 2017 by one species (Mammalian 2 bornavirus) for the newly discovered variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 [23] (TaxoProp 2016.013aM.A.v1.Bornavirus_sp).
FiloviridaeNo changes were made to this family.
MymonaviridaeNo changes were made to this family.
NyamiviridaeThe family Nyamiviridae was expanded to include a third genus (Peropuvirus) including the new species Pteromalus puparum peropuvirus for a virus recently discovered in parasitoid wasps, Pteromalus puparum negative-strand RNA virus 1 [45] (TaxoProp 2016.015a-dM.A.v1.Peropuvirus).
ParamyxoviridaeThe non-Latinized binomial species name format [40] was applied throughout the family Paramyxoviridae (TaxoProp 2016.011aM.A.v2.Paramyxoviridae_spren). In addition, the genus Avulavirus was expanded by one novel species, Avian avulavirus 13, for avian paramyxovirus 13 discovered in geese [19, 24, 47] (TaxoProp 2016.001a,bM.A.v2.Avulavirus_spren). The genus Rubulavirus was expanded by 10 species to accommodate two long-known viruses (e.g., Menangle virus, Tioman virus) and eight newly discovered bat viruses (bat mumps virus, Achimota viruses 1 and 2, Sosuga virus, Teviot virus, Tuhoko viruses 1–3) [3, 5, 11, 12, 16, 26] (TaxoProp 2015.016aM.A.v3.Rubulavirus_10sp). Finally, the previous species name Newcastle disease virus was changed to Avian avulavirus 1 to reflect the fact that “Newcastle disease virus” is but one strain of the member virus of this species, avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) [46] (TaxoProp 2016.001a,bM.A.v2.Avulavirus_spren).
PneumoviridaeThe non-Latinized binomial species name format [40] was applied throughout the family Pneumoviridae (TaxoProp 2016.012aM.A.v1.Pneumoviridae_spren).
RhabdoviridaeThe most extensive changes were introduced into the family Rhabdoviridae. The new genus Almendravirus was created to include five new species (TaxoProp 2016.002a-dM.A.v3.Almendravirus) to accommodate mosquito viruses discovered from 2009–2013 (Arboretum virus, Balsa virus, Coot Bay virus, Puerto Almendras virus, and Rio Chico virus) [13, 43, 44]. The new genus Curiovirus, including four new species, was created for unclassified dipteran viruses known since the 1970s–80s (Curionopolis virus, Iriri virus, Itacaiunas virus, Rochambeau virus) (TaxoProp 2016.003a-dM.A.v3.Curiovirus) [14, 15, 44]. Twelve mostly dipteran viruses (Hart Park virus, Gray Lodge virus, Joinjakaka virus, Kamese virus, La Joya virus, Landjia virus, Manitoba virus, Marco virus, Mosqueiro virus, Mossuril virus, Ord River virus, and Parry Creek virus), isolated in the 1950s to late 1970s, were classified into twelve new species in the new genus Hapavirus. The previously free-floating rhabdovirus species Flanders virus, Ngaingan virus, and Wongabel virus were moved into the genus Hapavirus and renamed accordingly (Flanders hapavirus, Ngaingan hapavirus, and Wongabel hapavirus, respectively) [4, 21, 44] (TaxoProp 2016.005a-gM.A.v4.Hapavirus). The largest newly created rhabdovirus genus is Ledantevirus. This genus includes 14 new species for Barur virus, Fikirini virus, Fukuoka virus, Kern Canyon virus, Keuraliba virus, Kolente virus, Kumasi rhabdovirus, Le Dantec virus, Mount Elgon bat virus, Nkolbisson virus, Nishimuro virus, Oita virus, Wǔhàn louse fly virus 5, and Yǒngjiā tick virus 2, which were isolated from or detected in arthropods and/or mammals [6, 10, 18, 28, 38, 44] (TaxoProp 2016.006a-dM.A.v2.Ledantevirus). Finally, the novel genus Sripuvirus was created to include five new species for sandfly and lizard viruses (Almpiwar virus, Chaco virus, Niakha virus, Sena Madureira virus, and Sripur virus) [29, 41, 44] (TaxoProp 2016.007a-dM.A.v5.Sripuvirus).
The existing genus Cytorhabdovirus was expanded by inclusion of the novel species Colocasia bobone disease-associated cytorhabdovirus for a plant virus first described in 1973 in the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta)] [22] (TaxoProp 2016.017aM.A.v1.Cytorhabdovirus_sp). The genus Ephemerovirus was enlarged by three species to accommodate the long-known bovid viruses Kimberley and Koolpinyah, and the mosquito-borne Malakal and Yata viruses [8, 9] (TaxoProp 2016.004aM.A.v2.Ephemerovirus_3sp). The recently described, possibly human, Bas-Congo virus and Ekpoma viruses 1 and 2, and the biting midge-borne Sweetwater Branch virus were classified into four new species of the genus Tibrovirus [20, 27, 39, 44] (TaxoProp 2016.008aM.A.v3.Tibrovirus_4sp). Klamath virus, discovered in 1962 in a vole, was assigned to a novel species in the genus Tupavirus [44] (TaxoProp 2016.009aM.A.v2.Tupavirus_sp), and seven new species were added to the genus Vesiculovirus for American bat vesiculovirus (isolated from bats in 2008) and Jurona virus, Malpais Spring virus, Morreton virus, Perinet virus, Radi virus, and Yug Bogdanovac virus (isolated from mosquitoes or sandflies in 1962–1986) [22, 30, 31, 42, 44] (TaxoProp 016.010aM.A.v3.Vesiculovirus_7sp).
Finally, the existing species names Oncorhynchus 1 novirhabdovirus (formerly Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus) and Oncorhynchus 2 novirhabdovirus (formerly Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) were changed to Salmonid novirhabdovirus and Piscine novirhabdovirus, respectively, to be more reflective of the host spectrum of their members. (2016.018aM.A.v1.Novirhabdovirus_spren).
SunviridaeIn 2017, no changes were made to this family.
SummaryA summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales is presented in Table 1.
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We thank Laura Bollinger (NIH/NIAID Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA) for critically editing the manuscript.
Members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Bornaviridae Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Ralf Dürrwald, Masayuki Horie, Jens H. Kuhn, Norbert Nowotny, Susan L. Payne, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Thomas Briese, Martin Schwemmle, Keizo Tomonaga.
Members of the ICTV Filoviridae Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher F. Basler, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Olga Dolnik, John M. Dye, Hideki Ebihara, Pierre Formenty, Roger Hewson, Gary P. Kobinger, Jens H. Kuhn, Eric M. Leroy, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov, Jean L. Patterson, Janusz T. Paweska, Sophie J. Smither, Ayato Takada, Jonathan S. Towner, Viktor E. Volchkov, Victoria Wahl-Jensen.
Members of the ICTV Mononegavirales Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Ralf G. Dietzgen, Jens H. Kuhn, Gael Kurath, Bertus K. Rima, Norbert Nowotny, Andrew J. Easton, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker.
Members of the ICTV Nyamiviridae Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Ralf G. Dietzgen, Elodie Ghedin, Dàohóng Jiāng, Jens H. Kuhn, Nikos Vasilakis, David Wang.
Members of the ICTV Paramyxoviridae Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Peter L. Collins, Andrew J. Easton, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gael Kurath, Robert A. Lamb, Andrea Maisner, Bertus K. Rima, Paul Rota, Benhur Lee, Ming Li, Lin-Fa Wang.
Members of the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group who coauthored this manuscript: Kim R. Blasdell, Charles H. Calisher, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Hideki Kondo, Gael Kurath, David M. Stone, Robert B. Tesh, Noël Tordo, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Anna E. Whitfield.
Author information Authors and AffiliationsDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Gaya K. Amarasinghe
Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Yīmíng Bào
Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Christopher F. Basler
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
Sina Bavari & John M. Dye
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
Martin Beer
Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Córdoba, Argentina
Nicolás Bejerman
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Nicolás Bejerman
CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Kim R. Blasdell
Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
Alisa Bochnowski & Jens H. Kuhn
Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Thomas Briese
Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Alexander Bukreyev, Robert B. Tesh & Nikos Vasilakis
Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Charles H. Calisher
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
Kartik Chandran
Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Peter L. Collins
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
Ralf G. Dietzgen
Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Olga Dolnik & Andrea Maisner
MICROMUN GmbH, Greifswald, Germany
Ralf Dürrwald
School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Andrew J. Easton
Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Hideki Ebihara
State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
Qi Fang, Beibei Wang, Fei Wang, Zhichao Yan & Gongyin Ye
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Pierre Formenty
Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Ron A. M. Fouchier
Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Elodie Ghedin
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Robert M. Harding, Anthony P. James & Peter A. Revill
Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK
Roger Hewson
Institute of Applied Ecology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Colleen M. Higgins & Ming Li
AUT Roche Diagnostic Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Colleen M. Higgins & Ming Li
Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences and Institute of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhèjiāng University, Hángzhōu, China
Jian Hong
Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Masayuki Horie
State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Húběi Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huázhōng Agricultural University, Wǔhàn, China
Dàohóng Jiāng
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
Gary P. Kobinger
Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
Hideki Kondo
US Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Gael Kurath
Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Robert A. Lamb
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Robert A. Lamb
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Benhur Lee
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Franceville, Gabon
Eric M. Leroy
Department of Microbiology and, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Elke Mühlberger
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
Sergey V. Netesov
Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
Norbert Nowotny
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Norbert Nowotny
Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Jean L. Patterson
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Susan L. Payne
Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Janusz T. Paweska
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Michael N. Pearson
Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
Rick E. Randall
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Peter A. Revill
Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Bertus K. Rima
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Paul Rota
Institute for Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Dennis Rubbenstroth & Martin Schwemmle
CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
Sophie J. Smither
Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
Qisheng Song
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
David M. Stone
Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
Ayato Takada
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, National/OIE Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
Calogero Terregino
Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Keizo Tomonaga
Institut Pasteur, Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses, OIE Reference Laboratory for RVFV and CCHFV, Paris, France
Noël Tordo
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Jonathan S. Towner
Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRIINSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
Viktor E. Volchkov
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
Victoria Wahl-Jensen
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
Peter J. Walker
Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
David Wang
Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Lin-Fa Wang
Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
John H. Werren
Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
Anna E. Whitfield
Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
Noël Tordo
Correspondence to Jens H. Kuhn.
Ethics declarationsThe views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of the Army, the US Department of Defense, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. In no event shall any of these entities have any responsibility or liability for any use, misuse, inability to use, or reliance upon the information contained herein. The US departments do not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication.
FundingThis work was supported in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. An employee of Battelle Memorial Institute is: A. Bochnowski. A subcontractor to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work is: J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. This work was also funded in part under Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (V.W.-J.); and National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and Grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). Y.B. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine.
Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approvalThis article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional informationMembers of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Mononegavirales, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae Study Groups who co-authored this manuscript are listed in “Acknowledgements”.
About this article Cite this articleAmarasinghe, G.K., Bào, Y., Basler, C.F. et al. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017. Arch Virol 162, 2493–2504 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7
Received: 19 February 2017
Accepted: 26 February 2017
Published: 07 April 2017
Issue Date: August 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7
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