Adams RH, Sato K, Shimada S, Tohyama M, Pϋschel AW, Betz H (1995) Gene structure and glial expression of the glycine transporter GLYT1 in embryonic and adult rodents. J Neurosci 15:2524–2532

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allaman I, Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ (2011) Astrocyte–neuron metabolic relationships: for better and for worse. Trends Neurosci 34:76–87

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andersen P, Morris R, Amaral D, Bliss T, O’Keefe J (eds) (2007) The hippocampus book. Oxford University Press, USA

Google Scholar 

Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG (1999) Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 22:208–215

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aroeira RI, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM, Valente CA (2011) Age-related changes of glycine receptor at the rat hippocampus: from the embryo to the adult. J Neurochem 118:339–353

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atkinson BN, Bell SC, De Vivo M, Kowalski LR, Lechner SM, Ognyanov VI, Tham CS, Tsai C, Jia J, Ashton D, Klitenick MA (2001) ALX 5407: a potent, selective inhibitor of the hGlyT1 glycine transporter. Mol Pharmacol 60:1414–1420

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker GA, Wilkins RJ, Golding S, Ellory JC (1999) Neutral amino acid transport in bovine articular chondrocytes. J Physiol 514(3):795–808

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belachew S, Malgrange B, Rigo JM, Rogister B, Leprince P, Hans G, Nguyen L, Moonen G (2000) Glycine triggers an intracellular calcium influx in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells which is mediated by the activation of both the ionotropic glycine receptor and Na⁺-dependent transporters. Eur J Neurosci 12:1924–1930

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Betz H, Gomeza J, Armsen W, Scholze P, Eulenburg V (2006) Glycine transporters: essential regulators of synaptic transmission. Biochem Soc Trans 34:55–58

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biber K, Klotz KN, Berger M, Gebicke-Härter PJ, van Calker D (1997) Adenosine A1 receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C in cultured astrocytes depends on the level of receptor expression. J Neurosci 17:4956–4964

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borowsky B, Mezey E, Hoffman BJ (1993) Two glycine transporter variants with distinct localization in the CNS and peripheral tissues are encoded by a common gene. Neuron 10:851–863

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowery NG, Smart TG (2006) GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters: a brief history. Br J Pharmacol 147:S109–S119

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown A, Carlyle I, Clark J, Hamilton W, Gibson S, McGarry G, McEachen S, Rae D, Thorn S, Walker G (2001) Discovery and SAR of Org 24598-A selective glycine uptake inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:2007–2009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castagna M, Shayakul C, Trotti D, Sacchi VF, Harvey WR, Hediger MA (1997) Molecular Characteristics of mammalian and insect amino acid transporters: implications for amino acid homeostasis. J Exp Biol 200:269–286

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cubelos B, Gimenez C, Zafra F (2005) Localization of the GlyT1 glycine transporter at glutamatergic synapses in the rat brain. Cereb Cortex 15:448–459

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dohi T, Morita K, Kitayama T, Motoyama N, Morioka N (2009) Glycine transporter inhibitors as a novel drug discovery strategy for neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Therap 123:54–79

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Du F, Qian ZM, Zhu L, Wu XM, Qian C, Chan R, Ke Y (2010) Purity, cell viability, expression of GFAP and bystin in astrocytes cultured by different procedures. J Cell Biochem 109:30–37

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebihara S, Yamamoto T, Obata K, Yanagawa Y (2004) Gene structure and alternative splicing of the mouse glycine transporter type-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317:857–864

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eichler SA, Kirischuk S, Jϋttner R, Schaäfermeier PK, Legendre P, Lehmann TN, Gloveli T, Grantyn R, Meier JC (2008) Glycinergic tonic inhibition of hippocampal neurons with depolarising GABAergic transmission elicits histopathological signs of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Cell Mol Med 12:2848–2866

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eulenburg V, Armsen W, Betz H, Gomeza J (2005) Glycine transporters: essential regulators of neurotransmission. Trends Biochem Sci 30(6):325–333

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eulenburg V, Retiounskaia M, Papadopoulos T, Gomeza J, Betz H (2010) Glial glycine transporter 1 function is essential for early postnatal survival but dispensable in adult mice. Glia 58:1066–1073

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fornés A, Núñez E, Alonso-Torres P, Aragón C, López-Corcuera B (2008) Trafficking properties and activity regulation of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2 by protein kinase C. Biochem J 412:495–506

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gabryel B, Adamczyk J, Huzarska M, Pudełko A, Trzeciak HI (2002) Aniracetam attenuates apoptosis of astrocytes aubjected to simulated ischemia in vitro. Neurotoxic 23:385–395

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Geerlings A, Núñez E, López-Corcuera B, Aragón C (2001) Calcium- and syntaxin 1-mediated trafficking of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. J Biol Chem 276:17584–17590

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gingras M, Gagnon V, Minotti S, Durham HD, Berthod F (2007) Optimized protocols for isolation of primary motor neurons, astrocytes and microglia from embryonic mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci Method 163:111–118

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gomeza J, Hulsmann S, Ohno K, Eulenburg V, Szoke K, Richter D, Betz H (2003a) Inactivation of the glycine transporter 1 gene discloses vital role of glial glycine uptake in glycinergic inhibition. Neuron 40:785–796

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomeza J, Ohno K, Hulsmann S, Armsen W, Eulenburg V, Richter DW, Laube B, Betz H (2003b) Deletion of the mouse glycine transporter 2 results in a hyperekplexia phenotype and postnatal lethality. Neuron 40:797–806

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guastella J, Brecha N, Weigmann C, Lester A, Davidson N (1992) Cloning, expression and localization of a rat brain high-affinity glycine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7189–7193

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hamilton NB, Attwell D (2010) Do astrocytes really exocytose neurotransmitters? Nat Rev Neurosci 11(4):227–238

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harvey RJ, Carta E, Pearce BR, Chung SK, Supplisson S, Rees MI, Harvey K (2008) A critical role for glycine transporters in hyperexcitability disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 1:1–6

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jursky F, Nelson N (1995) Localization of glycine neurotransmitter transporter (GLYT2) reveals correlation with the distribution of glycine receptor. J Neurochem 64:1026–1033

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jursky F, Nelson N (1996) Developmental expression of the glycine transporters GLYT1 and GLYT2 in mouse brain. J Neurochem 67(1):336–344

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jursky F, Tamura S, Tamura A, Mandiyan S, Nelson H, Nelson N (1994) Structure, function and brain localization of neurotransmitter transporters. J Exp Biol 196:283–295

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu QR, Nelson H, Mandiyan S, López-Corcuera B, Nelson N (1992) Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter from mouse brain. FEBS Lett 305:110–114

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luccini E, Raiteri L (2007) Mechanisms of [³H]glycine release from mouse spinal cord synaptosomes selectively labeled through GLYT2 transporters. J Neurochem 103:2439–2448

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Maza R, Poyatos I, López-Corcuera B, Núñez E, Giménez C, Zafra F, Aragón C (2001) The role of N-glycosylation in transport to the plasma membrane and sorting of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. J Biol Chem 276:2168–2173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarthy KD, de Vellis J (1980) Preparation of separate astroglial and ligodendroglial cell cultures from rat cerebral tissue. J Cell Biol 85(3):890–902

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagaraja TN, Brookes N (1996) Glutamine transport in mouse cerebral astrocytes. J Neurochem 66:1665–1674

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Núñez E, López-Corcuera B, Vázquez J, Giménez C, Aragón C (2000) Differential effects of the tricyclic antidepressant amoxapine on glycine uptake mediated by the recombinant GLYT1 and GLYT2 glycine transporters. Br J Pharmacol 129(1):200–206

Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olivares L, Aragón C, Giménez C, Zafra F (1995) The role of N-glycosylation in the targeting and activity of the GLYT1 glycine transporter. J Biol Chem 270:9437–9442

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paxinos G, Watson C (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 4th edn. Academic Press, San Diego

Google Scholar 

Perea G, Navarrete M, Araque A (2009) Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci 32(8):421–431

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterson GL (1979) Review of the folin phenol protein quantitation method of Lowry, Rosebrough, Farr and Randall. Anal Biochem 100:201–220

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29(9):2002–2007

Article  Google Scholar 

Raiteri L, Stigliani S, Usai C, Diaspro A, Paluzzi S, Milanese M, Raiteri M, Bonanno G (2008) Functional expression of release-regulating glycine transporters GLYT1 on GABAergic neurons and GLYT2 on astrocytes in mouse spinal cord. Neurochem Int 52:103–112

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rees MI, Harvey K, Pearce BR, Chung SK, Duguid IC, Thomas P, Beatty S, Graham GE, Armstrong L, Shiang R, Abbott KJ, Zuberi SM, Stephenson JBP, Owen MJ, Tijssen MAJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Smart TG, Supplisson S, Harvey RJ (2006) Mutations in the gene encodingGlyT2 (SLC6A5) define a presynaptic component of human startle disease. Nat Genet 38:801–806

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rousseau F, Aubrey KR, Supplisson S (2008) The glycine transporter GlyT2 controls the dynamics of synaptic vesicle refilling in inhibitory spinal cord neurons. J Neurosci 28:9755–9768

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schnell SA, Staines WA, Wessendorf MW (1999) Reduction of lipofuscin-like autofluorescence in fluorescently labeled tissue. J Histochem Cytochem 47:719–730

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Su TZ, Lunney E, Cambell G, Oxender DL (1995) Transport of gabapentin, a gamma-amino acid drug, by system L alpha amino acid transporters: a comparative study in astrocytes, synaptosomes and CHO cells. J Neurochem 64:2125–2131

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Supplisson S, Bergman C (1997) Control of NMDA receptor activation by a glycine transporter co-expressed in xenopus oocytes. J Neurosci 17:4580–4590

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tunnicliff G (2003) Membrane glycine transport proteins. J Biomed Sci 10:30–36

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vargas-Medrano J, Castrejon-Tellez V, Plenge F, Ramirez I, Miranda M (2011) PKCβ-dependent phosphorylation of the glycine transporter 1. Neurochem Int 59(8):1123–1132

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vaz SH, Jørgensen TN, Cristóvão-Ferreira S, Duflot S, Ribeiro JA, Gether U, Sebastião AM (2011) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances GABA transport by modulating the trafficking of GABA transporter-1 (GAT-1) from the plasma membrane of rat cortical astrocytes. J Biol Chem 286(47):40464–40476

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiss MD, Derazi S, Kilberg MS, Anderson KJ (2001) Ontogeny and localization of the neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 in rat brain. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130:183–190

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu ZL, O’Kane TM, Connors TJ, Marina MJ, Schaffhauser H (2008) The phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase inhibitor LY 294002 inhibits GlyT1-mediated glycine uptake. Brain Res 1227:42–51

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yee BK, Balic E, Singer P, Schwerdel C, Grampp T, Gabernet L, Knuesel I, Benke D, Feldon J, Mohler H, Boison D (2006) Disruption of glycine transporter 1 restricted to forebrain neuron is associated with a procognitive and antipsychotic phenotypic profile. J Neurosci 26(12):3169–3181

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zafra F, Aragón C, Olivares L, Danbolt NC, Giménez C, Storm-Mathisen J (1995) Glycine transporters are differentially expressed among CNS cells. J Neurosci 15:3952–3969

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar