In spite of commercial use of heterosis in agriculture, the molecular basis of heterosis is poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of wheat heterosis, we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis in seedling leaves between wheat hybrid and parents. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) Line 3338 and spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) Line 2463 were used to produce a heterotic F1 hybrid. The expression patterns of the total proteins were compared in seedling leaves between hybrid and its parents by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with two pH ranges for the first dimension separation. Among ~900 protein spots reproducibly detected, 49 protein spots were identified as being differentially expressed between hybrid and its parental lines (P < 0.05) for more than 1.5-folds. Six possible modes of differential expression were observed, including high- and low-parent dominance, underdominance, and overdominance, uniparent silencing and uniparent dominance. Moreover, 30 of the 49 differentially expressed protein spots were identified, which were involved in metabolism, signal transduction, energy, cell growth and division, disease and defense, secondary metabolism. These results indicated that wheat hybridization can cause protein expression differences between hybrid and its parents; these proteins were involved in diverse physiological process pathways, which might be responsible for the observed heterosis.
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Similar content being viewed by others Explore related subjectsDiscover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning. AbbreviationsAcetonitrile
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Best-parent heterosis
Chemical hybridizing agent
3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate
A-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
Differential display reverse transcript
Down-regulated in hybrid
1,4-Dithio-DL-threitol
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase
Gene ontology
High-dominant in hybrid
Isoelectric focusing
Low-dominant in hybrid
Leaf dry weight
Leaf fresh weight
Leucine-rich repeat protein
Mid-parent heterosis
Mass spectrometry
Peptide map fingerprinting
Post translational modification
Rubisco activase
Rubisco large subunit
Suppression subtractive hybridization
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Trifluoroacetic acid
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor
Total leaf number
Total tiller number
Dominant expression of uniparental proteins in hybrids
Dominant expression of uniparental proteins but not in hybrids
Up-regulated in hybrid
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The authors wish to thank Mr. Jidong Feng for his assistance in mass spectrometry analysis. This work was financially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB109000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671297), Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No. NCET-05-0131) and 863 Project of China.
Author information Authors and AffiliationsKey Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan Xi Road No. 2, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
Xiao Song, Zhongfu Ni, Yingyin Yao, Yinhong Zhang & Qixin Sun
State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
Xiao Song, Zhongfu Ni, Yingyin Yao, Yinhong Zhang & Qixin Sun
Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Genetic Improvement (MOA), China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
Xiao Song, Zhongfu Ni, Yingyin Yao, Yinhong Zhang & Qixin Sun
Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
Xiao Song, Zhongfu Ni, Yingyin Yao, Yinhong Zhang & Qixin Sun
National Plant Gene Research Centre (Beijing), 100193, Beijing, China
Xiao Song, Zhongfu Ni, Yingyin Yao, Yinhong Zhang & Qixin Sun
Correspondence to Zhongfu Ni or Qixin Sun.
Additional informationCommunicated by M. Kearsey.
X. Song and Z. Ni have equally contributed to this work.
Electronic supplementary materialBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
122_2008_890_MOESM1_ESM.docSupplementary Table 1 t-test for the protein spot accumulation differences between wheat hybrid and parents (DOC 592 kb)
About this article Cite this articleSong, X., Ni, Z., Yao, Y. et al. Identification of differentially expressed proteins between hybrid and parents in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling leaves. Theor Appl Genet 118, 213–225 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0890-4
Received: 20 May 2008
Accepted: 06 September 2008
Published: 25 September 2008
Issue Date: January 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0890-4
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