Buck RC (1979) Cell migration in repair of mouse corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18:767–784

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Brewitt H (1979) Sliding of epithelium in experimental corneal wounds. A scanning electron microscopic study. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 57:945–958

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kuwabara T, Perkins DG, Cogan DG (1976) Sliding of the epithelium in experimental corneal wounds. Invest Ophthalmol 15:4–14

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fong E, Tzlil S, Tirrell DA (2010) Boundary crossing in epithelial wound healing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:19302–19307

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tanner K, Ferris DR, Lanzano L, Mandefro B, Mantulin WW, Gardiner DM et al (2009) Coherent movement of cell layers during wound healing by image correlation spectroscopy. Biophys J 97:2098–2106

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vitorino P, Hammer M, Kim J, Meyer T (2011) A steering model of endothelial sheet migration recapitulates monolayer integrity and directed collective migration. Mol Cell Biol 31:342–350

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rorth P (2009) Collective cell migration. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 25:407–429

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Friedl P, Gilmour D (2009) Collective cell migration in morphogenesis, regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:445–457

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weijer CJ (2009) Collective cell migration in development. J Cell Sci 122:3215–3223

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Poujade M, Grasland-Mongrain E, Hertzog A, Jouanneau J, Chavrier P, Ladoux B et al (2007) Collective migration of an epithelial monolayer in response to a model wound. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:15988–15993

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Leckband DE, le Duc Q, Wang N, de Rooij J (2011) Mechanotransduction at cadherin-mediated adhesions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 23:523–530

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Danjo Y, Gipson IK (1998) Actin ‘purse string’ filaments are anchored by E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions at the leading edge of the epithelial wound, providing coordinated cell movement. J Cell Sci 111(Pt 22):3323–3332

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Renkawitz J, Sixt M (2010) Mechanisms of force generation and force transmission during interstitial leukocyte migration. EMBO Rep 11:744–750

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fournier MF, Sauser R, Ambrosi D, Meister JJ, Verkhovsky AB (2010) Force transmission in migrating cells. J Cell Biol 188:287–297

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

du Roure O, Saez A, Buguin A, Austin RH, Chavrier P, Silberzan P et al (2005) Force mapping in epithelial cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:2390–2395

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rorth P (2007) Collective guidance of collective cell migration. Trends Cell Biol 17:575–579

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ladoux B (2009) Cells guided on their journey. Nat Phys 5:377–378

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barker AT, Jaffe LF, Vanable JW Jr (1982) The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 242:R358–366

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nuccitelli R, Nuccitelli P, Ramlatchan S, Sanger R, Smith PJ (2008) Imaging the electric field associated with mouse and human skin wounds. Wound Repair Regen 16:432–441

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reid B, Nuccitelli R, Zhao M (2007) Non-invasive measurement of bioelectric currents with a vibrating probe. Nat Protoc 2:661–669

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao M, Song B, Pu J, Wada T, Reid B, Tai G et al (2006) Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma and PTEN. Nature 442:457–460

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mukerjee EV, Isseroff RR, Nuccitelli R, Collins SD, Smith RL (2006) Microneedle array for measuring wound generated electric fields. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 1:4326–4328

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nuccitelli R, Nuccitelli P, Li C, Narsing S, Pariser DM, Lui K (2011) The electric field near human skin wounds declines with age and provides a noninvasive indicator of wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 19:645–655

Google Scholar 

Sun YH, Reid B, Fontaine JH, Miller LA, Hyde DM, Mogilner A et al (2011) Airway epithelial wounds in rhesus monkey generate ionic currents that guide cell migration to promote healing. J Appl Physiol 111:1031–1041

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao M, Agius-Fernandez A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD (1996) Orientation and directed migration of cultured corneal epithelial cells in small electric fields are serum dependent. J Cell Sci 109(Pt 6):1405–1414

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Song B, Gu Y, Pu J, Reid B, Zhao Z, Zhao M (2007) Application of direct current electric fields to cells and tissues in vitro and modulation of wound electric field in vivo. Nat Protoc 2:1479–1489

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pu J, McCaig CD, Cao L, Zhao Z, Segall JE, Zhao M (2007) EGF receptor signalling is essential for electric-field-directed migration of breast cancer cells. J Cell Sci 120:3395–3403

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guan X, Cravatt BF, Ehring GR, Hall JE, Boger DL, Lerner RA et al (1997) The sleep-inducing lipid oleamide deconvolutes gap junction communication and calcium wave transmission in glial cells. J Cell Biol 139:1785–1792

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Uemura A, Nguyen TN, Steele AN, Yamada S (2011) The LIM domain of zyxin is sufficient for force-induced accumulation of zyxin during cell migration. Biophys J 101:1069–1075

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cooper MS (1984) Gap junctions increase the sensitivity of tissue cells to exogenous electric fields. J Theor Biol 111:123–130

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Waschke J, Golenhofen N, Kurzchalia TV, Drenckhahn D (2006) Protein kinase C-mediated endothelial barrier regulation is caveolin-1-dependent. Histochem Cell Biol 126:17–26

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Philpott DJ, McKay DM, Mak W, Perdue MH, Sherman PM (1998) Signal transduction pathways involved in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced alterations in T84 epithelial permeability. Infect Immun 66:1680–1687

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pece S, Gutkind JS (2000) Signaling from E-cadherins to the MAPK pathway by the recruitment and activation of epidermal growth factor receptors upon cell–cell contact formation. J Biol Chem 275:41227–41233

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhao M, Agius-Fernandez A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD (1996) Directed migration of corneal epithelial sheets in physiological electric fields. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2548–2558

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh R, Lei P, Andreadis ST (2009) PKC-delta binds to E-cadherin and mediates EGF-induced cell scattering. Exp Cell Res 315:2899–2913

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fram ST, Wells CM, Jones GE (2011) HGF-induced DU145 cell scatter assay. Methods Mol Biol 769:31–40

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen EM, Nigam SK, Goldberg ID (1994) Scatter factor and the c-met receptor: a paradigm for mesenchymal/epithelial interaction. J Cell Biol 127:1783–1787

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nuccitelli R, Smart T, Ferguson J (1993) Protein kinases are required for embryonic neural crest cell galvanotaxis. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 24:54–66

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mycielska ME, Djamgoz MB (2004) Cellular mechanisms of direct-current electric field effects: galvanotaxis and metastatic disease. J Cell Sci 117:1631–1639

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ewald AJ, Brenot A, Duong M, Chan BS, Werb Z (2008) Collective epithelial migration and cell rearrangements drive mammary branching morphogenesis. Dev Cell 14:570–581

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gipson IK, Danjo Y (1998) Actin ‘purse string’ filaments are anchored by E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions at the leading edge of the epithelial wound, providing coordinated cell movement. J Cell Sci 111:3323–3332

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Theveneau E, Marchant L, Kuriyama S, Gull M, Moepps B, Parsons M et al (2010) Collective chemotaxis requires contact-dependent cell polarity. Dev Cell 19:39–53

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gao RC, Zhang XD, Sun YH, Kamimura Y, Mogilner A, Devreotes PN et al (2011) Different roles of membrane potentials in electrotaxis and chemotaxis of dictyostelium cells. Eukaryot Cell 10:1251–1256

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Saez A, Anon E, Ghibaudo M, du Roure O, Di Meglio JM, Hersen P et al (2010) Traction forces exerted by epithelial cell sheets. J Phys Condens Matter 22:194119

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tambe DT, Hardin CC, Angelini TE, Rajendran K, Park CY, Serra-Picamal X et al (2011) Collective cell guidance by cooperative intercellular forces. Nat Mater 10:469–475

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ojingwa JC, Isseroff RR (2003) Electrical stimulation of wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 121:1–12

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nuccitelli R (2003) A role for endogenous electric fields in wound healing. Curr Top Dev Biol 58:1–26

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson KR (1985) The responses of cells to electrical fields: a review. J Cell Biol 101:2023–2027

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nishimura KY, Isseroff RR, Nuccitelli R (1996) Human keratinocytes migrate to the negative pole in direct current electric fields comparable to those measured in mammalian wounds. J Cell Sci 109(Pt 1):199–207

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cooper MS, Schliwa M (1986) Motility of cultured fish epidermal cells in the presence and absence of direct current electric fields. J Cell Biol 102:1384–1399

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B, Zhao M (2005) Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential. Physiol Rev 85:943–978

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huttenlocher A, Horwitz AR (2007) Wound healing with electric potential. N Eng J Med 356:303–304

Article  CAS  Google Scholar