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Genetic diversity and relatedness within packs in an intensely hunted population of wolvesCanis lupus

A population of grey wolvesCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) on the Polish-Belarussian border has recovered after near extermination in the 1970s. Currently, it is intensively hunted in the Belarussian part of BPF and protected in the Polish part. We used a combination of molecular analysis, radiotracking, and field observation to study genetic diversity of the population after natural recolonisation and the consequences of heavy hunting for the genetic composition and social structure of wolf packs. Both microsatellite and mtDNA analyses revealed high genetic diversity. For 29 individuals and 20 microsatellite loci, the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.733. Four mtDNA haplotypes were found. Three of them had earlier been described from Europe. Their geographic distribution suggests that wolves recolonising BPF immigrated mainly from the north-east, and less effectively from the east and south-east. We traced the composition of 6 packs for a total of 26 pack-years. Packs were family units (a breeding pair with offspring) with occasional adoption of unrelated adult males, which occurred more frequently in packs living in the Belarussian part of the BPF, due to heavy hunting and poaching. Breeding pairs were half-sibs or unrelated wolves. Pair-bonds in the breeding pair lasted from 1 to 4 years and usually broke by the death of one or both mates. Successors of breeding females were their daughters, while a successor of a breeding male could be either his son or an alien wolf. As is evident from Białowieża’s wolves, high genetic diversity may result from immigration of outside individuals, which are easily recruited to a heavily exploited local population.

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1. Henryk Okarma

   Present address: Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Cracow, Poland

2. Roman Gula

   Present address: Carpathian Wildlife Research Station, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bełzka 24, 38-700, Ustrzyki Dolne, Poland

1. Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland

   Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski, Bogumiła Jędrzejewska, Krzysztof Schmidt, Jörn Theuerkauf, Henryk Okarma, Roman Gula, Lucyna Szymura & Martin Förster

2. Institute of Forensic Research, ul. Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Cracow, Poland

   Wojciech Branicki

3. Institute of Animal Breeding, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539, Munich, Germany

   Claudia Veit & Ivica MeĐugorac

4. Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland

   Małgorzata Pilot

5. State National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha, 225063 Kamenyuki, Kamenets rayon, Brest oblast, Belarus Republic

   Aleksei N. Bunevich

1. Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski
2. Wojciech Branicki
3. Claudia Veit
4. Ivica MeĐugorac
5. Małgorzata Pilot
6. Aleksei N. Bunevich
7. Bogumiła Jędrzejewska
8. Krzysztof Schmidt
9. Jörn Theuerkauf
10. Henryk Okarma
11. Roman Gula
12. Lucyna Szymura
13. Martin Förster

Associate Editor was Andrzej Zalewski.

Jędrzejewski, W., Branicki, W., Veit, C. et al. Genetic diversity and relatedness within packs in an intensely hunted population of wolvesCanis lupus . Acta Theriol 50, 3–22 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03192614

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• Received: 17 November 2004

• Accepted: 31 January 2005

• Issue Date: March 2005

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03192614

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