Extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) cancers are rare and their risk factors are poorly understood. Except for a history of gallbladder diseases, evidence for other potential risk factors, such as excess body weight and use of tobacco and alcohol, is scant. A case-control study was conducted to examine risk factors for EBD cancers, including ampulla of Vater tumors, among Los Angeles County (California, USA) residents. Included were 105 histologically confirmed cases diagnosed between 1 March 1985 and 31 October 1989, aged 30 to 84 years, and 255 population-based controls frequency-matched to cases by gender and age in five-year groups. Cases and controls were interviewed about their demographic background and potential risk factors, including tobacco, alcohol, and beverage consumption, diet, medical history, and reproductive factors among women. For deceased cases, their next-of-kin were interviewed. Risk of cancers of both subsites of extrahepatic duct and ampulla of Vater increased with smoking of cigars/pipes or cigarettes. For both men and women, risks increased twofold or more among those who smoked cigarettes for 50 or more pack-years. While a history of gallbladder diseases substantially increased the risk of cancers of both subsites, excess body mass index was associated only with cancer of extrahepatic duct subsite (odds ratio [OR]=4.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.1–14.2 among men and OR=2.7; CI=0.8–9.4 among women in the highest quartile relative to those in the lowest quartile). Alcohol drinkers had lower risks compared with nondrinkers, but no consistent trend was observed with amount consumed. No consistent patterns of risks were found for coffee, tea, diet, occupation, or reproductive factors. These results suggest that lifestyle-related factors, such as use of tobacco and excess body weight, play a role in EBD cancer risk.
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Herman R. Menck
Present address: The American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL, USA
Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, EPN 415, 6130 Executive Blvd, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
Wong-Ho Chow & Joseph K. McLaughlin
the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Herman R. Menck
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Thomas M. Mack
Chow, WH., McLaughlin, J.K., Menck, H.R. et al. Risk factors for extrahepatic bile duct cancers: Los Angeles County, California (USA). Cancer Causes Control 5, 267–272 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830247
Received: 17 November 1993
Accepted: 10 January 1994
Issue Date: May 1994
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830247
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