A pressure ulcer (PU) is a localized injury to the skin and/or to underlying tissues, typically over a weight-bearing bony prominence. PUs often develop in ischemic tissues. Other than being relevant to the etiology of PUs, ischemic factors such as glucose levels, acidity and temperature could potentially affect healing processes as well, particularly, the rate of damage repair. Using an in vitro cell culture model, the goal of the present study was to determine the influence of ischemic factors: low temperature (35 °C), low glucose (1 g/L) and acidic pH (6.7) on the migration rate of NIH3T3 fibroblasts, 3T3L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblasts, which could all be affected by PUs. Cell migration into a local damage site, produced by crushing cells under a micro-indentor, was monitored over ~16 h under controlled temperature and pH conditions. We found that in the NIH3T3 cultures, acidosis significantly hindered the migration rate as well as delayed the times for onset and end of mass cell migration. The effects of temperature and glucose however were not significant. Additionally, under control conditions (temperature 37 °C, glucose 4.5 g/L, pH 7.6), migration rates and times differed significantly across the different cell types. The present findings motivate further studies related to the effects of pH levels on migration performances, particularly in PU where bacterial contamination—associated with an acidic environment—is involved.
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Similar content being viewed by others Explore related subjectsDiscover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning. AbbreviationsThree-dimensional
Average migration rate
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
Deep tissue injury
Extracellular matrix
Fetal bovine serum
Field of view
Growth medium
Maximum migration rate
Spinal cord injury
Standard deviation
Time for end of mass cell migration
Time for onset of mass cell migration
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The authors thank Dr. Orna Sharabani-Yosef (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University) for her help in running the cell migration studies. This research is being supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel & the Ministry of Research, Taiwan (F.H.L. and A.G.).
Conflict of interestNone.
Author information Authors and AffiliationsDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
Gil Topman & Amit Gefen
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
Feng-Huei Lin
Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, ROC
Feng-Huei Lin
Correspondence to Amit Gefen.
Additional informationAssociate Editor Cheng Dong oversaw the review of this article.
About this article Cite this articleTopman, G., Lin, FH. & Gefen, A. The Influence of Ischemic Factors on the Migration Rates of Cell Types Involved in Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Pressure Ulcers. Ann Biomed Eng 40, 1929–1939 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0545-0
Received: 11 January 2012
Accepted: 02 March 2012
Published: 13 March 2012
Issue Date: September 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0545-0
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