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Showing content from https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/alter-table-transact-sql below:

ALTER TABLE (Transact-SQL) - SQL Server

Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric SQL database in Microsoft Fabric Preview

Modifies a table definition by altering, adding, or dropping columns and constraints. ALTER TABLE also reassigns and rebuilds partitions, or disables and enables constraints and triggers.

Note

Currently, ALTER TABLE in Fabric Warehouse is only supported for constraints and adding nullable columns. See Syntax for Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric. Currently, memory-optimized tables aren't available in SQL database in Microsoft Fabric Preview.

The syntax for ALTER TABLE is different for disk-based tables and memory-optimized tables. Use the following links to take you directly to the appropriate syntax block for your table types and to the appropriate syntax examples:

Disk-based tables:

• Syntax
• Examples

Memory-optimized tables:

• Syntax
• Altering Memory-Optimized Tables

For more information about the syntax conventions, see Transact-SQL syntax conventions.

ALTER TABLE { database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }
{
    ALTER COLUMN column_name
    {
        [ type_schema_name. ] type_name
            [ (
                {
                   precision [ , scale ]
                 | max
                 | xml_schema_collection
                }
            ) ]
        [ COLLATE collation_name ]
        [ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ SPARSE ]
      | { ADD | DROP }
          { ROWGUIDCOL | PERSISTED | NOT FOR REPLICATION | SPARSE | HIDDEN }
      | { ADD | DROP } MASKED [ WITH ( FUNCTION = ' mask_function ') ]
    }
    [ WITH ( ONLINE = ON | OFF ) ]
    | [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ]

    | ADD
    {
        <column_definition>
      | <computed_column_definition>
      | <table_constraint>
      | <column_set_definition>
    } [ ,...n ]
      | [ system_start_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START
                [ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ] [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
                system_end_time_column_name datetime2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END
                   [ HIDDEN ] [ NOT NULL ][ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES] ,
                start_transaction_id_column_name bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS TRANSACTION_ID START
                   [ HIDDEN ] NOT NULL [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES],
                  end_transaction_id_column_name bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS TRANSACTION_ID END
                   [ HIDDEN ] NULL [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES],
                  start_sequence_number_column_name bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS SEQUENCE_NUMBER START
                   [ HIDDEN ] NOT NULL [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES],
                  end_sequence_number_column_name bigint GENERATED ALWAYS AS SEQUENCE_NUMBER END
                   [ HIDDEN ] NULL [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
            DEFAULT constant_expression [WITH VALUES]
        ]
       PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ( system_start_time_column_name, system_end_time_column_name )
    | DROP
     [ {
         [ CONSTRAINT ][ IF EXISTS ]
         {
              constraint_name
              [ WITH
               ( <drop_clustered_constraint_option> [ ,...n ] )
              ]
          } [ ,...n ]
          | COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ]
          {
              column_name
          } [ ,...n ]
          | PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME
     } [ ,...n ] ]
    | [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ] { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
        { ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] }

    | { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
        { ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] }

    | { ENABLE | DISABLE } CHANGE_TRACKING
        [ WITH ( TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = { ON | OFF } ) ]

    | SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number_expression ]
        TO target_table
        [ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]
        [ WITH ( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ]

    | SET
        (
            [ FILESTREAM_ON =
                { partition_scheme_name | filegroup | "default" | "NULL" } ]
            | SYSTEM_VERSIONING =
                  {
                    OFF
                  | ON
                      [ ( HISTORY_TABLE = schema_name . history_table_name
                          [, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = { ON | OFF } ]
                          [, HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD =
                          {
                              INFINITE | number {DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS
                  | MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS }
                          }
                          ]
                        )
                      ]
                  }
            | DATA_DELETION =
                {
                      OFF
                    | ON
                        [(  [ FILTER_COLUMN = column_name ]
                            [, RETENTION_PERIOD = { INFINITE | number { DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS
                                    | MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS } } ]
                        )]
                    } )
    | REBUILD
      [ [PARTITION = ALL]
        [ WITH ( <rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ]
      | [ PARTITION = partition_number
           [ WITH ( <single_partition_rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ]
        ]
      ]

    | <table_option>
    | <filetable_option>
    | <stretch_configuration>
}
[ ; ]

-- ALTER TABLE options

<column_set_definition> ::=
    column_set_name XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS

<drop_clustered_constraint_option> ::=
    {
        MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
      | ONLINE = { ON | OFF }
      | MOVE TO
         { partition_scheme_name ( column_name ) | filegroup | "default" }
    }
<table_option> ::=
    {
        SET ( LOCK_ESCALATION = { AUTO | TABLE | DISABLE } )
    }

<filetable_option> ::=
    {
       [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } FILETABLE_NAMESPACE ]
       [ SET ( FILETABLE_DIRECTORY = directory_name ) ]
    }

<stretch_configuration> ::=
    {
      SET (
        REMOTE_DATA_ARCHIVE
        {
            = ON (<table_stretch_options>)
          | = OFF_WITHOUT_DATA_RECOVERY ( MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED )
          | ( <table_stretch_options> [, ...n] )
        }
            )
    }

<table_stretch_options> ::=
    {
     [ FILTER_PREDICATE = { null | table_predicate_function } , ]
       MIGRATION_STATE = { OUTBOUND | INBOUND | PAUSED }
    }

<single_partition_rebuild__option> ::=
{
      SORT_IN_TEMPDB = { ON | OFF }
    | MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
    | DATA_COMPRESSION = { NONE | ROW | PAGE | COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE}
    | ONLINE = { ON [( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ] | OFF }
}

<low_priority_lock_wait>::=
{
    WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY ( MAX_DURATION = <time> [ MINUTES ],
        ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = { NONE | SELF | BLOCKERS } )
}

For more information, see:

• ALTER TABLE column_constraint
• ALTER TABLE column_definition
• ALTER TABLE computed_column_definition
• ALTER TABLE index_option
• ALTER TABLE table_constraint

ALTER TABLE { database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }
{
    ALTER COLUMN column_name
    {
        [ type_schema_name. ] type_name
            [ (
                {
                   precision [ , scale ]
                }
            ) ]
        [ COLLATE collation_name ]
        [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
    }

    | ALTER INDEX index_name
    {
        [ type_schema_name. ] type_name
        REBUILD
        [ [ NONCLUSTERED ] WITH ( BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count )
        ]
    }

    | ADD
    {
        <column_definition>
      | <computed_column_definition>
      | <table_constraint>
      | <table_index>
      | <column_index>
    } [ ,...n ]

    | DROP
     [ {
         CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ]
         {
              constraint_name
          } [ ,...n ]
        | INDEX [ IF EXISTS ]
      {
         index_name
       } [ ,...n ]
          | COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ]
          {
              column_name
          } [ ,...n ]
          | PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME
     } [ ,...n ] ]
    | [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ] { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT
        { ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] }

    | { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER
        { ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] }

    | SWITCH [ [ PARTITION ] source_partition_number_expression ]
        TO target_table
        [ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]
        [ WITH ( <low_priority_lock_wait> ) ]

}
[ ; ]

-- ALTER TABLE options

< table_constraint > ::=
 [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{
   {PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE }
     {
       NONCLUSTERED (column [ ASC | DESC ] [ ,... n ])
       | NONCLUSTERED HASH (column [ ,... n ] ) WITH ( BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count )
     }
    | FOREIGN KEY
        ( column [ ,...n ] )
        REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column [ ,...n ] ) ]
    | CHECK ( logical_expression )
}

<column_index> ::=
  INDEX index_name
{ [ NONCLUSTERED ] | [ NONCLUSTERED ] HASH WITH (BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count) }

<table_index> ::=
  INDEX index_name
{ [ NONCLUSTERED ] HASH (column [ ,... n ] ) WITH (BUCKET_COUNT = bucket_count)
  | [ NONCLUSTERED ] (column [ ASC | DESC ] [ ,... n ] )
      [ ON filegroup_name | default ]
  | CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE [ WITH ( COMPRESSION_DELAY = { 0 | delay [MINUTES] } ) ]
      [ ON filegroup_name | default ]
}

ALTER TABLE { database_name.schema_name.source_table_name | schema_name.source_table_name | source_table_name }
{
    ALTER COLUMN column_name
        {
            type_name [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
            [ COLLATE Windows_collation_name ]
            [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
        }
    | ADD { <column_definition> | <column_constraint> FOR column_name} [ ,...n ]
    | DROP { COLUMN column_name | [CONSTRAINT] constraint_name } [ ,...n ]
    | REBUILD {
            [ PARTITION = ALL [ WITH ( <rebuild_option> ) ] ]
          | [ PARTITION = partition_number [ WITH ( <single_partition_rebuild_option> ] ]
      }
    | { SPLIT | MERGE } RANGE (boundary_value)
    | SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number
        TO target_table_name [ PARTITION target_partition_number ] [ WITH ( TRUNCATE_TARGET = ON | OFF ) ] ]
}
[ ; ]

<column_definition>::=
{
    column_name
    type_name [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
    [ <column_constraint> ]
    [ COLLATE Windows_collation_name ]
    [ NULL | NOT NULL ]
}

<column_constraint>::=
    [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
    {
        DEFAULT constant_expression
        | PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED (column_name [ ,... n ]) NOT ENFORCED -- Applies to Azure Synapse Analytics only
        | UNIQUE (column_name [ ,... n ]) NOT ENFORCED -- Applies to Azure Synapse Analytics only
    }
<rebuild_option > ::=
{
    DATA_COMPRESSION = { COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE }
        [ ON PARTITIONS ( {<partition_number> [ TO <partition_number>] } [ , ...n ] ) ]
    | XML_COMPRESSION = { ON | OFF }
        [ ON PARTITIONS ( {<partition_number> [ TO <partition_number>] } [ , ...n ] ) ]
}

<single_partition_rebuild_option > ::=
{
    DATA_COMPRESSION = { COLUMNSTORE | COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE }
}

Note

Serverless SQL pool in Azure Synapse Analytics supports only external and temporary tables.

ALTER TABLE { database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }
{
  ADD  { column_name <data_type> [COLLATE collation_name] [ <column_options> ] } [ ,...n ]
| ADD { <column_constraint> FOR column_name} [ ,...n ]
| DROP { COLUMN column_name | [CONSTRAINT] constraint_name } [ ,...n ]
}
[ ; ]

<column_options> ::=
[ NULL ] -- default is NULL

<data type> ::=
datetime2 ( n )
| date
| time ( n )
| float [ ( n ) ]
| real [ ( n ) ]
| decimal [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
| numeric [ ( precision [ , scale ] ) ]
| bigint
| int
| smallint
| bit
| varchar [ ( n ) ]
| char [ ( n ) ]
| varbinary [ ( n ) ]
| uniqueidentifier

<column_constraint>::=
    [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
    {
       PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED (column_name [ ,... n ]) NOT ENFORCED
        | UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED (column_name [ ,... n ]) NOT ENFORCED
    | FOREIGN KEY
        ( column [ ,...n ] )
        REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column [ ,...n ] ) ] NOT ENFORCED
    }

The name of the database in which the table was created.

The name of the schema to which the table belongs.

The name of the table to be altered. If the table isn't in the current database or contained by the schema owned by the current user, you must explicitly specify the database and schema.

Specifies that the named column is to be changed or altered.

The modified column can't be:

• A column with a timestamp data type.

• The ROWGUIDCOL for the table.

• A computed column or used in a computed column.

• Used in statistics generated by the CREATE STATISTICS statement. Users need to run DROP STATISTICS to drop the statistics before ALTER COLUMN can succeed. Run this query to get all the user created statistics and statistics columns for a table.

  SELECT s.name AS statistics_name,
         c.name AS column_name,
         sc.stats_column_id
  FROM sys.stats AS s
       INNER JOIN sys.stats_columns AS sc
           ON s.object_id = sc.object_id
          AND s.stats_id = sc.stats_id
       INNER JOIN sys.columns AS c
           ON sc.object_id = c.object_id
          AND c.column_id = sc.column_id
  WHERE s.object_id = OBJECT_ID('<table_name>');
  

  Note

  Statistics that are automatically generated by the query optimizer are automatically dropped by ALTER COLUMN.

• Used in a PRIMARY KEY or [FOREIGN KEY] REFERENCES constraint.

• Used in a CHECK or UNIQUE constraint. But, changing the length of a variable-length column used in a CHECK or UNIQUE constraint is allowed.

• Associated with a default definition. However, the length, precision, or scale of a column can be changed if the data type isn't changed.

The data type of text, ntext, and image columns can be changed only in the following ways:

• text to varchar(max), nvarchar(max), or xml
• ntext to varchar(max), nvarchar(max), or xml
• image to varbinary(max)

Some data type changes might cause a change in the data. For example, changing a nchar or nvarchar column, to char or varchar, might cause the conversion of extended characters. For more information, see CAST and CONVERT. Reducing the precision or scale of a column can cause data truncation.

Note

The data type of a column of a partitioned table can't be changed.

The data type of columns included in an index can't be changed unless the column is a varchar, nvarchar, or varbinary data type, and the new size is equal to or larger than the old size.

A column included in a primary key constraint can't be changed from NOT NULL to NULL.

When using Always Encrypted (without secure enclaves), if the column being modified is encrypted with ENCRYPTED WITH, you can change the data type to a compatible data type (such as INT to BIGINT), but you can't change any encryption settings.

When using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, you can change any encryption setting, if the column encryption key protecting the column (and the new column encryption key, if you're changing the key) support enclave computations (encrypted with enclave-enabled column master keys). For details, see Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.

When you modify a column, the Database Engine keeps track of each modification by adding a row in a system table, and marking the previous column modification as a dropped column. In the rare case that you modify a column too many times, the Database Engine might reach the record size limit. If this happens, you get error 511 or 1708. To avoid these errors, either rebuild the clustered index on the table periodically, or reduce the number of column modifications.

The name of the column to be altered, added, or dropped. The column_name maximum is 128 characters. For new columns, you can omit column_name for columns created with a timestamp data type. The name timestamp is used if you don't specify column_name for a timestamp data type column.

Note

New columns are added after all existing columns in the table being altered.

The new data type for the altered column, or the data type for the added column. You can't specify type_name for existing columns of partitioned tables. type_name can be any one of the following types:

• A SQL Server system data type.
• An alias data type based on a SQL Server system data type. You create alias data types with the CREATE TYPE statement before they can be used in a table definition.
• A .NET Framework user-defined type, and the schema to which it belongs. You create user-defined types with the CREATE TYPE statement before they can be used in a table definition.

The following are criteria for type_name of an altered column:

• The previous data type must be implicitly convertible to the new data type.
• type_name can't be timestamp.
• ANSI_NULL defaults are always on for ALTER COLUMN; if not specified, the column is nullable.
• ANSI_PADDING padding is always ON for ALTER COLUMN.
• If the modified column is an identity column, new_data_type must be a data type that supports the identity property.
• The current setting for SET ARITHABORT is ignored. ALTER TABLE operates as if ARITHABORT is set to ON.

Note

If the COLLATE clause isn't specified, changing the data type of a column causes a collation change to the default collation of the database.

The precision for the specified data type. For more information about valid precision values, see Precision, scale, and length.

The scale for the specified data type. For more information about valid scale values, see Precision, scale, and length.

Applies only to the varchar, nvarchar, and varbinary data types for storing 2^31-1 bytes of character, binary data, and of Unicode data.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Applies only to the xml data type for associating an XML schema with the type. Before typing an xml column to a schema collection, you first create the schema collection in the database by using CREATE XML SCHEMA COLLECTION.

Specifies the new collation for the altered column. If not specified, the column is assigned the default collation of the database. Collation name can be either a Windows collation name or a SQL collation name. For a list and more information, see Windows collation name and SQL Server Collation Name.

The COLLATE clause changes the collations only of columns of the char, varchar, nchar, and nvarchar data types. To change the collation of a user-defined alias data type column, use separate ALTER TABLE statements to change the column to a SQL Server system data type. Then, change its collation and change the column back to an alias data type.

ALTER COLUMN can't have a collation change if one or more of the following conditions exist:

• A CHECK constraint, FOREIGN KEY constraint, or computed columns reference the column changed.
• Any index, statistics, or full-text index are created on the column. Statistics created automatically on the column changed are dropped if the column collation is changed.
• A schema-bound view or function references the column.

For more information on supported collations, see COLLATE.

Specifies whether the column can accept null values. Columns that don't allow null values are added with ALTER TABLE only if they have a default specified or if the table is empty. You can specify NOT NULL for computed columns only if you have also specified PERSISTED. If the new column allows null values and you don't specify a default, the new column contains a null value for each row in the table. If the new column allows null values and you add a default definition with the new column, you can use WITH VALUES to store the default value in the new column for each existing row in the table.

If the new column doesn't allow null values and the table isn't empty, you have to add a DEFAULT definition with the new column. And, the new column automatically loads with the default value in the new columns in each existing row.

You can specify NULL in ALTER COLUMN to force a NOT NULL column to allow null values, except for columns in PRIMARY KEY constraints. You can specify NOT NULL in ALTER COLUMN only if the column contains no null values. The null values must be updated to some value before the ALTER COLUMN NOT NULL is allowed, for example:

UPDATE MyTable SET NullCol = N'some_value' WHERE NullCol IS NULL;

ALTER TABLE MyTable ALTER COLUMN NullCOl NVARCHAR (20) NOT NULL;

When you create or alter a table with the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements, the database and session settings influence and possibly override the nullability of the data type that's used in a column definition. Be sure that you always explicitly define a column as NULL or NOT NULL for noncomputed columns.

If you add a column with a user-defined data type, be sure to define the column with the same nullability as the user-defined data type. And, specify a default value for the column. For more information, see CREATE TABLE.

Note

If NULL or NOT NULL is specified with ALTER COLUMN, new_data_type [(precision [, scale ])] must also be specified. If the data type, precision, and scale aren't changed, specify the current column values.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies that the ROWGUIDCOL property is added to or dropped from the specified column. ROWGUIDCOL indicates that the column is a row GUID column. You can set only one uniqueidentifier column per table as the ROWGUIDCOL column. And, you can only assign the ROWGUIDCOL property to a uniqueidentifier column. You can't assign ROWGUIDCOL to a column of a user-defined data type.

ROWGUIDCOL doesn't enforce uniqueness of the values stored in the column and doesn't automatically generate values for new rows that are inserted into the table. To generate unique values for each column, either use the NEWID() or NEWSEQUENTIALID() function in INSERT statements. Or, specify the NEWID() or NEWSEQUENTIALID() function as the default for the column.

Specifies that the PERSISTED property is added to or dropped from the specified column. The column must be a computed column that's defined with a deterministic expression. For columns specified as PERSISTED, the Database Engine physically stores the computed values in the table and updates the values when any other columns on which the computed column depends are updated. By marking a computed column as PERSISTED, you can create indexes on computed columns defined on expressions that are deterministic, but not precise. For more information, see Indexes on computed columns.

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER must be ON when you're creating or changing indexes on computed columns or indexed views. For more information, see SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER.

Any computed column that's used as a partitioning column of a partitioned table must be explicitly marked PERSISTED.

Note

In Fabric SQL database, computed columns are allowed, but currently aren't mirrored to Fabric OneLake.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies that values are incremented in identity columns when replication agents carry out insert operations. You can specify this clause only if column_name is an identity column.

Indicates that the column is a sparse column. The storage of sparse columns is optimized for null values. You can't set sparse columns as NOT NULL. When you convert a column from sparse to nonsparse, or from nonsparse to sparse, this option locks the table for the duration of the command execution. You might need to use the REBUILD clause to reclaim any space savings. For additional restrictions and more information about sparse columns, see Use sparse columns.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies a dynamic data mask. mask_function is the name of the masking function with the appropriate parameters. Three functions are available:

• default()
• email()
• partial()
• random()

Requires ALTER ANY MASK permission.

To drop a mask, use DROP MASKED. For function parameters, see Dynamic data masking.

Add and drop a mask require ALTER ANY MASK permission.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Allows many alter column actions to be carried out while the table remains available. Default is OFF. You can run alter column online for column changes related to data type, column length or precision, nullability, sparseness, and collation.

Online alter column allows user created and autostatistics to reference the altered column for the duration of the ALTER COLUMN operation, which allows queries to run as usual. At the end of the operation, autostats that reference the column are dropped and user-created stats are invalidated. The user must manually update user-generated statistics after the operation is completed. If the column is part of a filter expression for any statistics or indexes then you can't perform an alter column operation.

• While the online alter column operation is running, any DDL operation that could depend on that column (such as creating or modifying indexes, views, etc.) is blocked, or fails with an appropriate error. This behavior guarantees that online alter column won't fail because of dependencies introduced while the operation was running.

• Altering a column from NOT NULL to NULL isn't supported as an online operation when the altered column is referenced by nonclustered indexes.

• Online ALTER isn't supported when the column is referenced by a check constraint and the ALTER operation is restricting the precision of the column (numeric or datetime).

• The WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY option can't be used with online alter column.

• ALTER COLUMN ... ADD/DROP PERSISTED isn't supported for online alter column.

• ALTER COLUMN ... ADD/DROP ROWGUIDCOL/NOT FOR REPLICATION isn't affected by online alter column.

• Online alter column doesn't support altering a table where change tracking is enabled or that's a publisher of merge replication.

• Online alter column doesn't support altering from or to CLR data types.

• Online alter column doesn't support altering to an XML data type that has a schema collection different than the current schema collection.

• Online alter column doesn't reduce the restrictions on when a column can be altered. References by index/stats, and so on, might cause the alter to fail.

• Online alter column doesn't support altering more than one column concurrently.

• Online alter column has no effect in a system-versioned temporal table. ALTER column isn't run as online regardless of which value was specified for ONLINE option.

Online alter column has similar requirements, restrictions, and functionality as online index rebuild, which includes:

• Online index rebuild isn't supported when the table contains legacy LOB or filestream columns or when the table has a columnstore index. The same limitations apply for online alter column.
• An existing column being altered requires twice the space allocation, for the original column and for the newly created hidden column.
• The locking strategy during an alter column online operation follows the same locking pattern used for online index build.

Specifies whether the data in the table is or isn't validated against a newly added or re-enabled FOREIGN KEY or CHECK constraint. If you don't specify, WITH CHECK is assumed for new constraints, and WITH NOCHECK is assumed for re-enabled constraints.

If you don't want to verify new CHECK or FOREIGN KEY constraints against existing data, use WITH NOCHECK. We don't recommend doing this, except in rare cases. The new constraint is evaluated in all later data updates. Any constraint violations that are suppressed by WITH NOCHECK when the constraint is added might cause future updates to fail if they update rows with data that doesn't follow the constraint. The query optimizer doesn't consider constraints that are defined WITH NOCHECK. Such constraints are ignored until they're re-enabled by using ALTER TABLE table WITH CHECK CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL. For more information, see Disable foreign key constraints with INSERT and UPDATE statements.

Specifies that the bucket count for index_name is to be changed or altered.

The syntax ALTER TABLE ... ADD/DROP/ALTER INDEX is supported only for memory-optimized tables.

Specifies that one or more column definitions, computed column definitions, or table constraints are added. Or, the columns that the system uses for system versioning are added. For memory-optimized tables, you can add an index.

Note

New columns are added after all existing columns in the table being altered.

Applies to: SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies the names of the columns that the system uses to record the period of time for which a record is valid. You can specify existing columns or create new columns as part of the ADD PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME argument. Set up the columns with the data type of datetime2 and define them as NOT NULL. If you define a period column as NULL, an error results. You can define a column_constraint and/or Specify default values for columns for the system_start_time and system_end_time columns. See Example A in the following System Versioning examples that demonstrates using a default value for the system_end_time column.

Use this argument with the SET SYSTEM_VERSIONING argument to make an existing table a temporal table. For more information, see Temporal tables and Getting started with temporal tables.

As of SQL Server 2017 (14.x), users can mark one or both period columns with HIDDEN flag to implicitly hide these columns such that SELECT * FROM <table_name> doesn't return a value for the columns. By default, period columns aren't hidden. In order to be used, hidden columns must be explicitly included in all queries that directly reference the temporal table.

Specifies that one or more column definitions, computed column definitions, or table constraints are dropped, or to drop the specification for the columns that the system uses for system versioning.

Note

Columns dropped in ledger tables are only soft deleted. A dropped column remains in the ledger table, but it's marked as a dropped column by setting the dropped_ledger_table column in sys.tables to 1. The ledger view of the dropped ledger table is also marked as dropped by setting the dropped_ledger_view column in sys.tables to 1. A dropped ledger table, its history table, and its ledger view are renamed by adding a prefix (MSSQL_DroppedLedgerTable, MSSQL_DroppedLedgerHistory, MSSQL_DroppedLedgerView), and appending a GUID to the original name.

Specifies that constraint_name is removed from the table. Multiple constraints can be listed.

You can determine the user-defined or system-supplied name of the constraint by querying the sys.check_constraint, sys.default_constraints, sys.key_constraints, and sys.foreign_keys catalog views.

A PRIMARY KEY constraint can't be dropped if an XML index exists on the table.

Specifies that index_name is removed from the table.

The syntax ALTER TABLE ... ADD/DROP/ALTER INDEX is supported only for memory-optimized tables.

Specifies that constraint_name or column_name is removed from the table. Multiple columns can be listed.

A column can't be dropped when it's:

• Used in an index, whether as a key column or as an INCLUDE
• Used in a CHECK, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
• Associated with a default that's defined with the DEFAULT keyword, or bound to a default object.
• Bound to a rule.

Note

Dropping a column doesn't reclaim the disk space of the column. You might have to reclaim the disk space of a dropped column when the row size of a table is near, or has exceeded, its limit. Reclaim space by creating a clustered index on the table or rebuilding an existing clustered index by using ALTER INDEX. For information about the impact of dropping LOB data types, see this CSS blog entry.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Drops the specification for the columns that the system uses for system versioning.

Specifies that one or more drop clustered constraint options are set.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Overrides the max degree of parallelism configuration option only for the duration of the operation. For more information, see Server configuration: max degree of parallelism.

Use the MAXDOP option to limit the number of processors used in parallel plan execution. The maximum is 64 processors.

max_degree_of_parallelism can be one of the following values:

• 1

  Suppresses parallel plan generation.

• >1

  Restricts the maximum number of processors used in a parallel index operation to the specified number.

• 0 (default)

  Uses the actual number of processors or fewer based on the current system workload.

For more information, see Configure Parallel Index Operations.

Specifies whether underlying tables and associated indexes are available for queries and data modification during the index operation. The default is OFF. You can run REBUILD as an ONLINE operation.

• ON

  Long-term table locks aren't held for the duration of the index operation. During the main phase of the index operation, only an Intent Share (IS) lock is held on the source table. This behavior enables queries or updates to the underlying table and indexes to continue. At the start of the operation, a Shared (S) lock is held on the source object for a short time. At the end of the operation, for a short time, an S (Shared) lock is acquired on the source if a nonclustered index is being created. Or, an Sch-M (Schema Modification) lock is acquired when a clustered index is created or dropped online and when a clustered or nonclustered index is being rebuilt. ONLINE can't be set to ON when an index is being created on a local temporary table. Only single-threaded heap rebuild operation is allowed.

  To run the DDL for SWITCH or online index rebuild, all active blocking transactions running on a particular table must be completed. When executing, the SWITCH or rebuild operation prevents new transactions from starting and might significantly affect the workload throughput and temporarily delay access to the underlying table.

• OFF

  Table locks apply for the duration of the index operation. An offline index operation that creates, rebuilds, or drops a clustered index, or rebuilds or drops a nonclustered index, acquires a Schema modification (Sch-M) lock on the table. This lock prevents all user access to the underlying table for the duration of the operation. An offline index operation that creates a nonclustered index acquires a Shared (S) lock on the table. This lock prevents updates to the underlying table but allows read operations, such as SELECT statements. Multi-threaded heap rebuild operations are allowed.

  For more information, see How online index operations work.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies a location to move the data rows currently in the leaf level of the clustered index. The table is moved to the new location. This option applies only to constraints that create a clustered index.

Note

In this context, default isn't a keyword. It's an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in MOVE TO "default" or MOVE TO [default]. If "default" is specified, the QUOTED_IDENTIFIER option must be ON for the current session. This is the default setting. For more information, see SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER.

Specifies that constraint_name is enabled or disabled. This option can only be used with FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints. When NOCHECK is specified, the constraint is disabled and future inserts or updates to the column aren't validated against the constraint conditions. DEFAULT, PRIMARY KEY, and UNIQUE constraints can't be disabled.

• ALL

  Specifies that all constraints are either disabled with the NOCHECK option or enabled with the CHECK option.

Specifies that trigger_name is enabled or disabled. When a trigger is disabled, it's still defined for the table. However, when INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements run against the table, the actions in the trigger aren't carried out until the trigger is re-enabled.

• ALL

  Specifies that all triggers in the table are enabled or disabled.

• trigger_name

  Specifies the name of the trigger to disable or enable.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies whether change tracking is enabled disabled for the table. By default, change tracking is disabled.

This option is available only when change tracking is enabled for the database. For more information, see ALTER DATABASE SET options.

To enable change tracking, the table must have a primary key.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies whether the Database Engine tracks, which change tracked columns were updated. The default value is OFF.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Switches a block of data in one of the following ways:

• Reassigns all data of a table as a partition to an already-existing partitioned table.
• Switches a partition from one partitioned table to another.
• Reassigns all data in one partition of a partitioned table to an existing non-partitioned table.

If table is a partitioned table, you must specify source_partition_number_expression. If target_table is partitioned, you must specify target_partition_number_expression. When reassigning a table's data as a partition to an already-existing partitioned table, or switching a partition from one partitioned table to another, the target partition must exist and it must be empty.

When reassigning one partition's data to form a single table, the target table must already exist and it must be empty. Both the source table or partition, and the target table or partition, must be located in the same filegroup. The corresponding indexes, or index partitions, must also be located in the same filegroup. Many additional restrictions apply to switching partitions. table and target_table can't be the same. target_table can be a multi-part identifier.

Both source_partition_number_expression and target_partition_number_expression are constant expressions that can reference variables and functions. These include user-defined type variables and user-defined functions. They can't reference Transact-SQL expressions.

A partitioned table with a clustered columnstore index behaves like a partitioned heap:

• The primary key must include the partition key.
• A unique index must include the partition key. But, including the partition key with an existing unique index can change the uniqueness.
• To switch partitions, all nonclustered indexes must include the partition key.

For SWITCH restriction when using replication, see Replicate Partitioned Tables and Indexes.

Nonclustered columnstore indexes were built in a read-only format before SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and for SQL Database before version V12. You must rebuild nonclustered columnstore indexes to the current format (which is updatable) before any PARTITION operations can be run.

Limitations

If both tables are partitioned identically, including nonclustered indexes, and the target table doesn't have any nonclustered indexes, you might receive a 4907 error.

Example output:

Msg 4907, Level 16, State 1, Line 38
'ALTER TABLE SWITCH' statement failed. The table 'MyDB.dbo.PrtTable1' has 4 partitions while index 'MS1' has 6 partitions.

Applies to: SQL Server. Azure SQL Database doesn't support FILESTREAM.

Specifies where FILESTREAM data is stored.

ALTER TABLE with the SET FILESTREAM_ON clause succeeds only if the table has no FILESTREAM columns. You can add FILESTREAM columns by using a second ALTER TABLE statement.

If you specify partition_scheme_name, the rules for CREATE TABLE apply. Be sure the table is already partitioned for row data, and its partition scheme uses the same partition function and columns as the FILESTREAM partition scheme.

filestream_filegroup_name specifies the name of a FILESTREAM filegroup. The filegroup must have one file that's defined for the filegroup by using a CREATE DATABASE or ALTER DATABASE statement, or you get an error.

"default" specifies the FILESTREAM filegroup with the DEFAULT property set. If there's no FILESTREAM filegroup, you get an error.

"NULL" specifies that all references to FILESTREAM filegroups for the table are removed. All FILESTREAM columns must be dropped first. Use SET FILESTREAM_ON = "NULL" to delete all FILESTREAM data that's associated with a table.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Either disables or enables system versioning of a table. To enable system versioning of a table, the system verifies that the data type, nullability constraint, and primary key constraint requirements for system versioning are met. The system records the history of each record in the system-versioned table in a separate history table. If the HISTORY_TABLE argument isn't used, the name of this history table is MSSQL_TemporalHistoryFor<primary_table_object_id>. If the history table doesn't exists, the system generates a new history table matching the schema of the current table, creates a link between the two tables, and enables the system to record the history of each record in the current table in the history table. If you use the HISTORY_TABLE argument to create a link to and use an existing history table, the system creates a link between the current table and the specified table. When creating a link to an existing history table, you can choose to do a data consistency check. This data consistency check ensures that existing records don't overlap. Running the data consistency check is the default. Use the SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON argument on a table that is defined with the PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME clause to make the existing table a temporal table. For more information, see Temporal tables.

Applies to: SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies finite or infinite retention for historical data in a temporal table. If omitted, infinite retention is assumed.

Applies to: Azure SQL Edge only

Enables retention policy based cleanup of old or aged data from tables within a database. For more information, see Enable and Disable Data Retention. The following parameters must be specified for data retention to be enabled.

• FILTER_COLUMN = { column_name }

  Specifies the column that should be used to determine if the rows in the table are obsolete or not. The following data types are allowed for the filter column.

  • date
  • datetime
  • datetime2
  • smalldatetime
  • datetimeoffset

• RETENTION_PERIOD = { INFINITE | number { DAY | DAYS | WEEK | WEEKS | MONTH | MONTHS | YEAR | YEARS } }

  Specifies the retention period policy for the table. The retention period is specified as a combination of a positive integer value and the date part unit.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies the allowed methods of lock escalation for a table.

• AUTO

  This option allows SQL Server Database Engine to select the lock escalation granularity that's appropriate for the table schema.

  • If the table is partitioned, lock escalation is allowed to the heap or B-tree (HoBT) granularity. In other words, escalation is allowed to the partition level. After the lock is escalated to the HoBT level, the lock won't be escalated later to TABLE granularity.

  • If the table isn't partitioned, the lock escalation is done to the TABLE granularity.

• TABLE

  Lock escalation is done at table-level granularity whether the table is partitioned or not partitioned. TABLE is the default value.

• DISABLE

  Prevents lock escalation in most cases. Table-level locks aren't completely disallowed. For example, when you're scanning a table that has no clustered index under the serializable isolation level, Database Engine must take a table lock to protect data integrity.

Use the REBUILD WITH syntax to rebuild an entire table including all the partitions in a partitioned table. If the table has a clustered index, the REBUILD option rebuilds the clustered index. REBUILD can be run as an ONLINE operation.

Use the REBUILD PARTITION syntax to rebuild a single partition in a partitioned table.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Rebuilds all partitions when changing the partition compression settings.

All options apply to a table with a clustered index. If the table doesn't have a clustered index, the heap structure is only affected by some of the options.

When a specific compression setting isn't specified with the REBUILD operation, the current compression setting for the partition is used. To return the current setting, query the data_compression column in the sys.partitions catalog view.

For complete descriptions of the rebuild options, see ALTER TABLE index_option.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

Specifies the data compression option for the specified table, partition number, or range of partitions. The options are as follows:

• NONE

  Table or specified partitions aren't compressed. This option doesn't apply to columnstore tables.

• ROW

  Table or specified partitions are compressed by using row compression. This option doesn't apply to columnstore tables.

• PAGE

  Table or specified partitions are compressed by using page compression. This option doesn't apply to columnstore tables.

• COLUMNSTORE

  Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

  Applies only to columnstore tables. COLUMNSTORE specifies to decompress a partition that was compressed with the COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE option. When the data is restored, it continues to be compressed with the columnstore compression that's used for all columnstore tables.

• COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE

  Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

  Applies only to columnstore tables, which are tables stored with a clustered columnstore index. COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE further compresses the specified partition to a smaller size. Use this option for archival or other situations that require less storage and can afford more time for storage and retrieval.

  To rebuild multiple partitions at the same time, see index_option. If the table doesn't have a clustered index, changing the data compression rebuilds the heap and the nonclustered indexes. For more information about compression, see Data compression.

  ALTER TABLE REBUILD PARTITION WITH DATA COMPRESSION = ROW or PAGE isn't allowed on SQL database in Microsoft Fabric Preview.

Applies to: SQL Server 2022 (16.x) and later versions, Azure SQL Database, and Azure SQL Managed Instance.

Specifies the XML compression option for any xml data type columns in the table. The options are as follows:

• ON

  Columns using the xml data type are compressed.

• OFF

  Columns using the xml data type aren't compressed.

Specifies whether a single partition of the underlying tables and associated indexes is available for queries and data modification during the index operation. The default is OFF. You can run REBUILD as an ONLINE operation.

• ON

  Long-term table locks aren't held for the duration of the index operation. S-lock on the table is required in the beginning of the index rebuild and a Sch-M lock on the table at the end of the online index rebuild. Although both locks are short metadata locks, the Sch-M lock must wait for all blocking transactions to be completed. During the wait time, the Sch-M lock blocks all other transactions that wait behind this lock when accessing the same table.

  Note

  Online index rebuild can set the low_priority_lock_wait options described later in this section.

• OFF

  Table locks are applied for the duration of the index operation. This prevents all user access to the underlying table for the duration of the operation.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

The name of the column set. A column set is an untyped XML representation that combines all of the sparse columns of a table into a structured output. A column set can't be added to a table that contains sparse columns. For more information about column sets, see Use column sets.

Applies to: SQL Server.

Enables or disables the system-defined constraints on a FileTable. Can only be used with a FileTable.

Applies to: SQL Server. Azure SQL Database doesn't support FileTable.

Specifies the Windows-compatible FileTable directory name. This name should be unique among all the FileTable directory names in the database. Uniqueness comparison is case-insensitive, despite the SQL collation settings. Can only be used with a FileTable.

Applies to: SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and later versions.

Enables or disables Stretch Database for a table. For more information, see Stretch Database.

Important

Stretch Database is deprecated in SQL Server 2022 (16.x) and Azure SQL Database. This feature will be removed in a future version of the Database Engine. Avoid using this feature in new development work, and plan to modify applications that currently use this feature.

Enable Stretch Database for a table

When you enable Stretch for a table by specifying ON, you also have to specify MIGRATION_STATE = OUTBOUND to begin migrating data immediately, or MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED to postpone data migration. The default value is MIGRATION_STATE = OUTBOUND. For more information about enabling Stretch for a table, see Enable Stretch Database for a table.

Prerequisites. Before you enable Stretch for a table, you have to enable Stretch on the server and on the database. For more information, see Enable Stretch Database for a database.

Permissions. Enabling Stretch for a database or a table requires db_owner permissions. Enabling Stretch for a table also requires ALTER permissions on the table.

Disable Stretch Database for a table

When you disable Stretch for a table, you have two options for the remote data that's already been migrated to Azure. For more information, see Disable Stretch Database and bring back remote data.

• To disable Stretch for a table and copy the remote data for the table from Azure back to SQL Server, run the following command. This command can't be canceled.

  ALTER TABLE <table_name>
     SET ( REMOTE_DATA_ARCHIVE ( MIGRATION_STATE = INBOUND ) ) ;
  

This operation incurs data transfer costs, and it can't be canceled. For more information, see Data Transfers Pricing Details.

After all the remote data has been copied from Azure back to SQL Server, Stretch is disabled for the table.

• To disable Stretch for a table and abandon the remote data, run the following command.

  ALTER TABLE <table_name>
     SET ( REMOTE_DATA_ARCHIVE = OFF_WITHOUT_DATA_RECOVERY ( MIGRATION_STATE = PAUSED ) ) ;
  

After you disable Stretch Database for a table, data migration stops and query results no longer include results from the remote table.

Disabling Stretch doesn't remove the remote table. If you want to delete the remote table, you drop it by using the Azure portal.

Applies to: SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and later versions.

Optionally specifies a filter predicate to select rows to migrate from a table that contains both historical and current data. The predicate must call a deterministic inline table-valued function. For more information, see Enable Stretch Database for a table and Select rows to migrate by using a filter function - Stretch Database.

Important

If you provide a filter predicate that performs poorly, data migration also performs poorly. Stretch Database applies the filter predicate to the table by using the CROSS APPLY operator.

If you don't specify a filter predicate, the entire table is migrated.

When you specify a filter predicate, you also have to specify MIGRATION_STATE.

Applies to: SQL Server 2017 (14.x) and later versions.

• Specify OUTBOUND to migrate data from SQL Server to Azure.

• Specify INBOUND to copy the remote data for the table from Azure back to SQL Server and to disable Stretch for the table. For more information, see Disable Stretch Database and bring back remote data.

  This operation incurs data transfer costs, and it can't be canceled.

• Specify PAUSED to pause or postpone data migration. For more information, see Pause and resume data migration - Stretch Database.

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

An online index rebuild has to wait for blocking operations on this table. WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY indicates that the online index rebuild operation waits for low-priority locks, allowing other operations to carry on while the online index build operation is waiting. Omitting the WAIT AT LOW PRIORITY option is the same as WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY ( MAX_DURATION = 0 minutes, ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = NONE).

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

The wait time, which is an integer value specified in minutes, that the SWITCH or online index rebuild locks wait with low priority when running the DDL command. If the operation is blocked for the MAX_DURATION time, one of the ABORT_AFTER_WAIT actions runs. MAX_DURATION time is always in minutes, and you can omit the word MINUTES.

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

• NONE

  Continue waiting for the lock with normal (regular) priority.

• SELF

  Exit the SWITCH or online index rebuild DDL operation currently being run without taking any action.

• BLOCKERS

  Kill all user transactions that currently block the SWITCH or online index rebuild DDL operation so that the operation can continue.

  Requires ALTER ANY CONNECTION permission.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

Conditionally drops the column or constraint only if it already exists.

Applies to: SQL Server 2022 (16.x) and later versions.

Specifies whether an ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT operation is resumable. Add table constraint operation is resumable when ON. Add table constraint operation isn't resumable when OFF. Default is OFF. The RESUMABLE option can be used as part of the ALTER TABLE index_option in the ALTER TABLE table_constraint.

MAX_DURATION when used with RESUMABLE = ON (requires ONLINE = ON) indicates time (an integer value specified in minutes) that a resumable online add constraint operation is executed before being paused. If not specified, the operation continues until completion.

For more information on enabling and using resumable ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT operations, see Resumable add table constraints.

To add new rows of data, use INSERT. To remove rows of data, use DELETE or TRUNCATE TABLE. To change the values in existing rows, use UPDATE.

If there are any execution plans in the procedure cache that reference the table, ALTER TABLE marks them to be recompiled on their next execution.

In SQL database in Microsoft Fabric Preview, some table features can be created but aren't mirrored into the Fabric OneLake. For more information, see Limitations for Fabric SQL database mirroring (preview).

You can change the length, precision, or scale of a column by specifying a new size for the column data type. Use the ALTER COLUMN clause. If data exists in the column, the new size can't be smaller than the maximum size of the data. Also, you can't define the column in an index, unless the column is a varchar, nvarchar, or varbinary data type and the index isn't the result of a PRIMARY KEY constraint. See the example in the short section titled Altering a Column Definition.

Changes you specify in ALTER TABLE implement immediately. If the changes require modifications of the rows in the table, ALTER TABLE updates the rows. ALTER TABLE acquires a schema modify (Sch-M) lock on the table to make sure that no other connections reference even the metadata for the table during the change, except online index operations that require a short Sch-M lock at the end. In an ALTER TABLE...SWITCH operation, the lock is acquired on both the source and target tables. The modifications made to the table are logged and fully recoverable. Changes that affect all the rows in large tables, such as dropping a column or, on some editions of SQL Server, adding a NOT NULL column with a default value, can take a long time to complete and generate many log records. Run these ALTER TABLE statements with the same care as any INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement that affects many rows.

Applies to Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric.

ALTER TABLE can't be part of an explicit transaction.

The following XEvents are related to ALTER TABLE ... SWITCH PARTITION and online index rebuilds.

• lock_request_priority_state
• process_killed_by_abort_blockers
• ddl_with_wait_at_low_priority

In SQL Server 2012 (11.x) Enterprise edition and later versions, adding a NOT NULL column with a default value is an online operation when the default value is a runtime constant. This means that the operation is completed almost instantaneously despite the number of rows in the table, because the existing rows in the table aren't updated during the operation. Instead, the default value is stored only in the metadata of the table and the value is looked up, as needed, in queries that access these rows. This behavior is automatic. No additional syntax is required to implement the online operation beyond the ADD COLUMN syntax. A runtime constant is an expression that produces the same value at runtime for each row in the table despite its determinism. For example, the constant expression "My temporary data", or the system function GETUTCDATETIME() are runtime constants. In contrast, the functions NEWID() or NEWSEQUENTIALID() aren't runtime constants, because a unique value is produced for each row in the table. Adding a NOT NULL column with a default value that's not a runtime constant is always run offline and an exclusive (Sch-M) lock is acquired for the duration of the operation.

While the existing rows reference the value stored in metadata, the default value is stored on the row for any new rows that are inserted and don't specify another value for the column. The default value stored in metadata moves to an existing row when the row is updated (even if the actual column isn't specified in the UPDATE statement), or if the table or clustered index is rebuilt.

Columns of type varchar(max), nvarchar(max), varbinary(max), xml, text, ntext, image, hierarchyid, geometry, geography, or CLR user-defined types can't be added in an online operation. A column can't be added online if doing so causes the maximum possible row size to exceed the 8,060-byte limit. The column is added as an offline operation in this case.

In SQL Server 2012 (11.x) Enterprise edition and later versions, the number of processors employed to run a single ALTER TABLE ADD (index-based) CONSTRAINT or DROP (clustered index) CONSTRAINT statement is determined by the max degree of parallelism configuration option and the current workload. If the Database Engine detects that the system is busy, the degree of parallelism of the operation is automatically reduced before statement execution starts. You can manually configure the number of processors that are used to run the statement by specifying the MAXDOP option. For more information, see Server configuration: max degree of parallelism.

In addition to performing SWITCH operations that involve partitioned tables, use ALTER TABLE to change the state of the columns, constraints, and triggers of a partitioned table just like it's used for nonpartitioned tables. However, this statement can't be used to change the way the table itself is partitioned. To repartition a partitioned table, use ALTER PARTITION SCHEME and ALTER PARTITION FUNCTION. Additionally, you can't change the data type of a column of a partitioned table.

The restrictions that apply to ALTER TABLE statements on tables with schema-bound views are the same as the restrictions currently applied when modifying tables with a simple index. Adding a column is allowed. However, removing or changing a column that participates in any schema-bound view isn't allowed. If the ALTER TABLE statement requires changing a column used in a schema-bound view, ALTER TABLE fails and the Database Engine raises an error message. For more information about schema binding and indexed views, see CREATE VIEW.

Adding or removing triggers on base tables isn't affected by creating a schema-bound view that references the tables.

Indexes created as part of a constraint are dropped when the constraint is dropped. Indexes that were created with CREATE INDEX must be dropped with DROP INDEX. Use The ALTER INDEX statement to rebuild an index part of a constraint definition; the constraint doesn't have to be dropped and added again with ALTER TABLE.

All indexes and constraints based on a column must be removed before the column can be removed.

When you delete a constraint that created a clustered index, the data rows that were stored in the leaf level of the clustered index are stored in a nonclustered table. You can drop the clustered index and move the resulting table to another filegroup or partition scheme in a single transaction by specifying the MOVE TO option. The MOVE TO option has the following restrictions:

• MOVE TO isn't valid for indexed views or nonclustered indexes.

• The partition scheme or filegroup must already exist.

• If MOVE TO isn't specified, the table is located in the same partition scheme or filegroup as was defined for the clustered index.

When you drop a clustered index, specify the ONLINE = ON option so the DROP INDEX transaction doesn't block queries and modifications to the underlying data and associated nonclustered indexes.

ONLINE = ON has the following restrictions:

• ONLINE = ON isn't valid for clustered indexes that are also disabled. Disabled indexes must be dropped by using ONLINE = OFF.
• Only one index at a time can be dropped.
• ONLINE = ON isn't valid for indexed views, nonclustered indexes, or indexes on local temp tables.
• ONLINE = ON isn't valid for columnstore indexes.

Temporary disk space equal to the size of the existing clustered index is required to drop a clustered index. This additional space is released as soon as the operation is completed.

Note

The options listed under <drop_clustered_constraint_option> apply to clustered indexes on tables and can't be applied to clustered indexes on views or nonclustered indexes.

When you run ALTER TABLE on a published table at a SQL Server Publisher, by default, that change propagates to all SQL Server Subscribers. This functionality has some restrictions. You can disable it. For more information, see Make Schema Changes on Publication Databases.

System tables can't be enabled for compression. If the table is a heap, the rebuild operation for ONLINE mode is single threaded. Use OFFLINE mode for a multi-threaded heap rebuild operation. For more information about data compression, see Data compression.

To evaluate how changing the compression state affects a table, an index, or a partition, use the sp_estimate_data_compression_savings system stored procedure.

The following restrictions apply to partitioned tables:

• You can't change the compression setting of a single partition if the table has nonaligned indexes.
• The ALTER TABLE <table> REBUILD PARTITION ... syntax rebuilds the specified partition.
• The ALTER TABLE <table> REBUILD WITH ... syntax rebuilds all partitions.

When dropping columns using the deprecated ntext data type, the cleanup of the deleted data occurs as a serialized operation on all rows. The cleanup can require a large amount of time. When dropping an ntext column in a table with lots of rows, update the ntext column to NULL value first, then drop the column. You can run this option with parallel operations and make it much faster.

To run the DDL statement for an online index rebuild, all active blocking transactions running on a particular table must be completed. When the online index rebuild launches, it blocks all new transactions that are ready to start running on this table. Although the duration of the lock for online index rebuild is short, waiting for all open transactions on a given table to complete and blocking the new transactions to start, might significantly affect the throughput. This can cause a workload slow-down or timeout and significantly limit access to the underlying table. The WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY option allows DBAs to manage the S-lock and Sch-M locks required for online index rebuilds. In all three cases: NONE, SELF, and BLOCKERS, if during the wait time ((MAX_DURATION = n [minutes])) there are no blocking activities, the online index rebuild is run immediately without waiting and the DDL statement is completed.

The ALTER TABLE statement supports only two-part (schema.object) table names. In SQL Server, specifying a table name using the following formats fails at compile time with error 117.

• server.database.schema.table
• .database.schema.table
• ..schema.table

In earlier versions, specifying the format server.database.schema.table returned error 4902. Specifying the format .database.schema.table or the format ..schema.table succeeded.

To resolve the problem, remove the use of a four-part prefix.

Requires ALTER permission on the table.

ALTER TABLE permissions apply to both tables involved in an ALTER TABLE SWITCH statement. Any data that's switched inherits the security of the target table.

If you defined any columns in the ALTER TABLE statement to be of a common language runtime (CLR) user-defined type or alias data type, REFERENCES permission on the type is required.

Adding or altering a column that updates the rows of the table requires UPDATE permission on the table. For example, adding a NOT NULL column with a default value or adding an identity column when the table isn't empty.

The code samples in this article use the AdventureWorks2022 or AdventureWorksDW2022 sample database, which you can download from the Microsoft SQL Server Samples and Community Projects home page.

Examples in this section demonstrate adding columns and constraints to a table.

The following example adds a column that allows null values and has no values provided through a DEFAULT definition. In the new column, each row has NULL.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exa (column_a INT);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exa
    ADD column_b VARCHAR (20) NULL;
GO

The following example adds a new column with a UNIQUE constraint.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc (column_a INT);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc
    ADD column_b VARCHAR (20) NULL
        CONSTRAINT exb_unique UNIQUE;
GO

EXECUTE sp_help doc_exc;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exc;
GO

The following example adds a constraint to an existing column in the table. The column has a value that violates the constraint. Therefore, WITH NOCHECK is used to prevent the constraint from being validated against existing rows, and to allow for the constraint to be added.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exd (column_a INT);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exd VALUES (-1);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exd WITH NOCHECK
    ADD CONSTRAINT exd_check CHECK (column_a > 1);
GO

EXECUTE sp_help doc_exd;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exd;
GO

The following example creates a table with two columns and inserts a value into the first column, and the other column remains NULL. A DEFAULT constraint is then added to the second column. To verify that the default is applied, another value is inserted into the first column, and the table is queried.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exz
(
    column_a INT,
    column_b INT
);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exz (column_a) VALUES (7);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exz
    ADD CONSTRAINT col_b_def
        DEFAULT 50 FOR column_b;
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exz (column_a) VALUES (10);
GO

SELECT * FROM dbo.doc_exz;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exz;
GO

The following example adds several columns with constraints defined with the new column. The first new column has an IDENTITY property. Each row in the table has new incremental values in the identity column.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exe
(
    column_a INT
        CONSTRAINT column_a_un UNIQUE
);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exe

    -- Add a PRIMARY KEY identity column.
    ADD column_b INT IDENTITY
        CONSTRAINT column_b_pk PRIMARY KEY,

    -- Add a column that references another column in the same table.
        column_c INT NULL
            CONSTRAINT column_c_fk FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES doc_exe (column_a),

    -- Add a column with a constraint to enforce that
    -- nonnull data is in a valid telephone number format.
        column_d VARCHAR (16) NULL
            CONSTRAINT column_d_chk CHECK (column_d LIKE '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'
                                       OR column_d LIKE '([0-9][0-9][0-9]) [0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]'),

    -- Add a nonnull column with a default.
        column_e DECIMAL (3, 3)
            CONSTRAINT column_e_default DEFAULT .081;
GO

EXECUTE sp_help doc_exe;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exe;
GO

The following example adds a nullable column with a DEFAULT definition, and uses WITH VALUES to provide values for each existing row in the table. If WITH VALUES isn't used, each row has the value NULL in the new column.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exf (column_a INT);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exf VALUES (1);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exf
    ADD AddDate SMALLDATETIME
        CONSTRAINT AddDateDflt DEFAULT GETDATE() WITH VALUES NULL;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exf;
GO

The following example creates the PRIMARY KEY constraint PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID and sets the options FILLFACTOR, ONLINE, and PAD_INDEX. The resulting clustered index has the same name as the constraint.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO

ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive WITH NOCHECK
    ADD CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID
        PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TransactionID) WITH (FILLFACTOR = 75, ONLINE = ON, PAD_INDEX = ON);
GO

This similar example applies page compression while applying the clustered primary key.

USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO

ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive WITH NOCHECK
    ADD CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID
        PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (TransactionID) WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE);
GO

The following examples show adding and modifying sparse columns in table T1. The code to create table T1 is as follows.

CREATE TABLE T1
(
    C1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
    C2 VARCHAR (50) SPARSE NULL,
    C3 INT SPARSE NULL,
    C4 INT
);
GO

To add an additional sparse column C5, execute the following statement.

ALTER TABLE T1
    ADD C5 CHAR (100) SPARSE NULL;
GO

To convert the C4 non-sparse column to a sparse column, execute the following statement.

ALTER TABLE T1
    ALTER COLUMN C4 ADD SPARSE;
GO

To convert the C4 sparse column to a nonsparse column, execute the following statement.

ALTER TABLE T1
    ALTER COLUMN C4 DROP SPARSE;
GO

The following examples show adding a column to table T2. A column set can't be added to a table that already contains sparse columns. The code to create table T2 is as follows.

CREATE TABLE T2
(
    C1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
    C2 VARCHAR (50) NULL,
    C3 INT NULL,
    C4 INT
);
GO

The following three statements add a column set named CS, and then modify columns C2 and C3 to SPARSE.

ALTER TABLE T2
    ADD CS XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS;
GO

ALTER TABLE T2
    ALTER COLUMN C2 ADD SPARSE;
GO

ALTER TABLE T2
    ALTER COLUMN C3 ADD SPARSE;
GO

The following statement adds an encrypted column named PromotionCode.

ALTER TABLE Customers
    ADD PromotionCode NVARCHAR (100)
        ENCRYPTED WITH (
            COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = MyCEK,
            ENCRYPTION_TYPE = RANDOMIZED,
            ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256'
        );

Resumable ALTER TABLE operation for adding a primary key clustered on column (a) with MAX_DURATION of 240 minutes.

ALTER TABLE table1
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_Constrain PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (a)
WITH (ONLINE = ON, MAXDOP = 2, RESUMABLE = ON, MAX_DURATION = 240);

The examples in this section demonstrate dropping columns and constraints.

The first example modifies a table to remove a column. The second example removes multiple columns.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exb
(
    column_a INT,
    column_b VARCHAR (20) NULL,
    column_c DATETIME,
    column_d INT
);
GO

-- Remove a single column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exb DROP COLUMN column_b;
GO

-- Remove multiple columns.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exb DROP COLUMN column_c, column_d;

The first example removes a UNIQUE constraint from a table. The second example removes two constraints and a single column.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc
(
    column_a INT NOT NULL
        CONSTRAINT my_constraint UNIQUE
);
GO

-- Example 1. Remove a single constraint.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc DROP my_constraint;
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exc;
GO

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exc
(
    column_a INT NOT NULL
        CONSTRAINT my_constraint UNIQUE,
    column_b INT NOT NULL
        CONSTRAINT my_pk_constraint PRIMARY KEY
);
GO

-- Example 2. Remove two constraints and one column
-- The keyword CONSTRAINT is optional. The keyword COLUMN is required.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exc
    DROP CONSTRAINT my_constraint, my_pk_constraint, COLUMN column_b;
GO

The following example deletes a PRIMARY KEY constraint with the ONLINE option set to ON.

ALTER TABLE Production.TransactionHistoryArchive
    DROP CONSTRAINT PK_TransactionHistoryArchive_TransactionID
    WITH (ONLINE = ON);
GO

The following example creates the table ContactBackup, and then alters the table, first by adding a FOREIGN KEY constraint that references the table Person.Person, then by dropping the FOREIGN KEY constraint.

CREATE TABLE Person.ContactBackup (ContactID INT);
GO

ALTER TABLE Person.ContactBackup
    ADD CONSTRAINT FK_ContactBackup_Contact
        FOREIGN KEY (ContactID) REFERENCES Person.Person (BusinessEntityID);
GO

ALTER TABLE Person.ContactBackup
    DROP CONSTRAINT FK_ContactBackup_Contact;
GO

DROP TABLE Person.ContactBackup;

The following example changes a column of a table from INT to DECIMAL.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy (column_a INT);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy (column_a) VALUES (10);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN column_a DECIMAL (5, 2);
GO

DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exy;
GO

The following example increases the size of a varchar column and the precision and scale of a decimal column. Because the columns contain data, the column size can only be increased. Also notice that col_a is defined in a unique index. The size of col_a can still be increased because the data type is a varchar and the index isn't the result of a PRIMARY KEY constraint.

-- Create a two-column table with a unique index on the varchar column.
CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy
(
    col_a VARCHAR (5) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    col_b DECIMAL (4, 2)
);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy VALUES ('Test', 99.99);
GO

-- Verify the current column size.
SELECT name,
       TYPE_NAME(system_type_id),
       max_length,
       precision,
       scale
FROM sys.columns
WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'dbo.doc_exy');
GO

-- Increase the size of the varchar column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN col_a VARCHAR (25);
GO

-- Increase the scale and precision of the decimal column.
ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy ALTER COLUMN col_b DECIMAL (10, 4);
GO

-- Insert a new row.
INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy VALUES ('MyNewColumnSize', 99999.9999);
GO

-- Verify the current column size.
SELECT name,
       TYPE_NAME(system_type_id),
       max_length,
       precision,
       scale
FROM sys.columns
WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'dbo.doc_exy');

The following example shows how to change the collation of a column. First, a table is created table with the default user collation.

CREATE TABLE T3
(
    C1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
    C2 VARCHAR (50) NULL,
    C3 INT NULL,
    C4 INT
);
GO

Next, column C2 collation is changed to Latin1_General_BIN. The data type is required, even though it isn't changed.

ALTER TABLE T3
    ALTER COLUMN C2 VARCHAR (50) COLLATE Latin1_General_BIN;
GO

The following example shows how to encrypt a column using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.

First, a table is created without any encrypted columns.

CREATE TABLE T3
(
    C1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
    C2 VARCHAR (50) NULL,
    C3 INT NULL,
    C4 INT
);
GO

Next, column 'C2' is encrypted with a column encryption key, named CEK1, and randomized encryption. For the following statement to succeed:

• The column encryption key must be enclave-enabled. Meaning, it must be encrypted with a column master key (CMK) that allows enclave computations.
• The target SQL Server instance must support Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.
• The statement must be issued over a connection set up for Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, and using a supported client driver.
• The calling application must have access to the CMK, protecting CEK1.

ALTER TABLE T3 ALTER COLUMN C2 VARCHAR (50)  ENCRYPTED WITH (
     COLUMN_ENCRYPTION_KEY = [CEK1],
     ENCRYPTION_TYPE = RANDOMIZED,
     ALGORITHM = 'AEAD_AES_256_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256'
    ) NULL;
GO

The examples in this section demonstrate how to alter the definition of a table.

The following example changes the compression of a nonpartitioned table. The heap or clustered index is rebuilt. If the table is a heap, all nonclustered indexes are rebuilt.

ALTER TABLE T1 REBUILD
    WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE);

The following example changes the compression of a partitioned table. The REBUILD PARTITION = 1 syntax causes only partition number 1 to be rebuilt.

Applies to: SQL Server.

ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1 REBUILD PARTITION = 1
    WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = NONE);
GO

The same operation using the following alternate syntax causes all partitions in the table to be rebuilt.

Applies to: SQL Server.

ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1 REBUILD PARTITION = ALL
    WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = PAGE ON PARTITIONS (1));

For additional data compression examples, see Data compression.

The following example further compresses a columnstore table partition by applying an additional compression algorithm. This compression reduces the table to a smaller size, but also increases the time required for storage and retrieval. This is useful for archiving or for situations that require less space and can afford more time for storage and retrieval.

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1 REBUILD PARTITION = 1
    WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE);
GO

The following example decompresses a columnstore table partition that was compressed with COLUMNSTORE_ARCHIVE option. When the data is restored, it continues to be compressed with the columnstore compression that's used for all columnstore tables.

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

ALTER TABLE PartitionTable1 REBUILD PARTITION = 1
    WITH (DATA_COMPRESSION = COLUMNSTORE);
GO

The following example creates a partitioned table, assuming that partition scheme myRangePS1 is already created in the database. Next, a non-partitioned table is created with the same structure as the partitioned table and on the same filegroup as PARTITION 2 of table PartitionTable. The data of PARTITION 2 of table PartitionTable is then switched into table NonPartitionTable.

CREATE TABLE PartitionTable
(
    col1 INT,
    col2 CHAR (10)
) ON myRangePS1 (col1);
GO

CREATE TABLE NonPartitionTable
(
    col1 INT,
    col2 CHAR (10)
) ON test2fg;
GO

ALTER TABLE PartitionTable SWITCH PARTITION 2 TO NonPartitionTable;
GO

The following example enables lock escalation to the partition level on a partitioned table. If the table isn't partitioned, lock escalation is set at the TABLE level.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

ALTER TABLE dbo.T1 SET (LOCK_ESCALATION = AUTO);
GO

The following example enables change tracking on the Person.Person table.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

USE AdventureWorks2022;

ALTER TABLE Person.Person ENABLE CHANGE_TRACKING;

The following example enables change tracking and enables the tracking of the columns that are updated during a change.

Applies to: SQL Server.

USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO

ALTER TABLE Person.Person ENABLE CHANGE_TRACKING
    WITH (TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = ON);

The following example disables change tracking on the Person.Person table.

Applies to: SQL Server and Azure SQL Database.

USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO

ALTER TABLE Person.Person DISABLE CHANGE_TRACKING;

The following example disables a constraint that limits the salaries accepted in the data. NOCHECK CONSTRAINT is used with ALTER TABLE to disable the constraint and allow for an insert that would typically violate the constraint. CHECK CONSTRAINT re-enables the constraint.

CREATE TABLE dbo.cnst_example
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    name VARCHAR (10) NOT NULL,
    salary MONEY NOT NULL
        CONSTRAINT salary_cap CHECK (salary < 100000)
);

-- Valid inserts
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (1, 'Joe Brown', 65000);
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (2, 'Mary Smith', 75000);

-- This insert violates the constraint.
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (3, 'Pat Jones', 105000);

-- Disable the constraint and try again.
ALTER TABLE dbo.cnst_example NOCHECK CONSTRAINT salary_cap;
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (3, 'Pat Jones', 105000);

-- Re-enable the constraint and try another insert; this fails.
ALTER TABLE dbo.cnst_example CHECK CONSTRAINT salary_cap;
INSERT INTO dbo.cnst_example VALUES (4, 'Eric James', 110000);

The following example uses the DISABLE TRIGGER option of ALTER TABLE to disable the trigger and allow for an insert that would typically violate the trigger. ENABLE TRIGGER is then used to re-enable the trigger.

CREATE TABLE dbo.trig_example
(
    id INT,
    name VARCHAR (12),
    salary MONEY
);
GO

-- Create the trigger.
CREATE TRIGGER dbo.trig1
    ON dbo.trig_example
    FOR INSERT
    AS IF (SELECT COUNT(*)
           FROM INSERTED
           WHERE salary > 100000) > 0
           BEGIN
               PRINT 'TRIG1 Error: you attempted to insert a salary > $100,000';
               ROLLBACK;
           END
GO

-- Try an insert that violates the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (1, 'Pat Smith', 100001);
GO

-- Disable the trigger.
ALTER TABLE dbo.trig_example DISABLE TRIGGER trig1;
GO

-- Try an insert that would typically violate the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (2, 'Chuck Jones', 100001);
GO

-- Re-enable the trigger.
ALTER TABLE dbo.trig_example ENABLE TRIGGER trig1;
GO

-- Try an insert that violates the trigger.
INSERT INTO dbo.trig_example VALUES (3, 'Mary Booth', 100001);
GO

The following example shows how to perform an online index rebuild specifying the low-priority wait options.

Applies to: SQL Server 2014 (12.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

ALTER TABLE T1 REBUILD WITH (
    PAD_INDEX = ON,
    ONLINE = ON (
        WAIT_AT_LOW_PRIORITY (MAX_DURATION = 4 MINUTES, ABORT_AFTER_WAIT = BLOCKERS)
    )
);

The following example shows how to run an alter column operation with the ONLINE option.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

CREATE TABLE dbo.doc_exy (column_a INT);
GO

INSERT INTO dbo.doc_exy (column_a) VALUES (10);
GO

ALTER TABLE dbo.doc_exy
    ALTER COLUMN column_a DECIMAL (5, 2) WITH (ONLINE = ON);
GO

EXECUTE sp_help doc_exy;
DROP TABLE dbo.doc_exy;
GO

The following four examples help you become familiar with the syntax for using system versioning. For additional assistance, see Get started with system-versioned temporal tables.

Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database.

The following example shows how to add system versioning to an existing table and create a future history table. This example assumes that there's an existing table called InsurancePolicy with a primary key defined. This example populates the newly created period columns for system versioning using default values for the start and end times because these values can't be null. This example uses the HIDDEN clause to ensure no effect on existing applications interacting with the current table. It also uses HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD that's available on SQL Database only.

--Alter non-temporal table to define periods for system versioning
ALTER TABLE InsurancePolicy
    ADD ValidFrom DATETIME2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START HIDDEN
            DEFAULT SYSUTCDATETIME() NOT NULL,
        ValidTo DATETIME2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END HIDDEN
            DEFAULT CONVERT (DATETIME2, '9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999999') NOT NULL,
        PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME (ValidFrom, ValidTo);

--Enable system versioning with 1 year retention for historical data
ALTER TABLE InsurancePolicy SET (
    SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (
        HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD=1 YEAR
    )
);

The following example shows how to migrate to system versioning from a solution that uses triggers to mimic temporal support. The example assumes there's an existing solution that uses a ProjectTask table and a ProjectTaskHistory table for its existing solution, that's uses the Changed Date and Revised Date columns for its periods, that these period columns don't use the datetime2 data type and that the ProjectTask table has a primary key defined.

-- Drop existing trigger
DROP TRIGGER ProjectTask_HistoryTrigger;

-- Adjust the schema for current and history table
-- Change data types for existing period columns
ALTER TABLE ProjectTask ALTER COLUMN [Changed Date] DATETIME2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTask ALTER COLUMN [Revised Date] DATETIME2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskHistory ALTER COLUMN [Changed Date] DATETIME2 NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE ProjectTaskHistory ALTER COLUMN [Revised Date] DATETIME2 NOT NULL;

-- Add SYSTEM_TIME period and set system versioning with linking two existing tables
-- (a certain set of data checks happen in the background)
ALTER TABLE ProjectTask
    ADD PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ([Changed Date], [Revised Date]);

ALTER TABLE ProjectTask SET (
    SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (
        HISTORY_TABLE=dbo.ProjectTaskHistory, DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK=ON
    )
);

This example shows how to disable system versioning on the Department table, add a column, and re-enable system versioning. Disabling system versioning is required to modify the table schema. Do these steps within a transaction to prevent updates to both tables while updating the table schema, which enables the DBA to skip the data consistency check when re-enabling system versioning and gain a performance benefit. Tasks such as creating statistics, switching partitions, or applying compression to one or both tables doesn't require disabling system versioning.

BEGIN TRAN
/* Takes schema lock on both tables */
ALTER TABLE Department
    SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = OFF) ;
/* expand table schema for temporal table */
ALTER TABLE Department
     ADD Col5 int DEFAULT NOT NULL 0 ;
/* Expand table schema for history table */
ALTER TABLE DepartmentHistory
    ADD Col5 int DEFAULT NOT NULL 0 ;
/* Re-establish versioning again*/
ALTER TABLE Department
    SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (HISTORY_TABLE=dbo.DepartmentHistory,
                                 DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK = OFF)) ;
COMMIT

This example shows how to completely remove system versioning from the Department table and drop the DepartmentHistory table. Optionally, you might also want to drop the period columns used by the system to record system versioning information. You can't drop either the Department or the DepartmentHistory tables while system versioning is enabled.

ALTER TABLE Department
    SET (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = OFF);

ALTER TABLE Department
    DROP PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME;

DROP TABLE DepartmentHistory;

The following examples A through C use the FactResellerSales table in the AdventureWorksPDW2022 database.

The following query returns one or more rows if the table FactResellerSales is partitioned. If the table isn't partitioned, no rows are returned.

SELECT *
FROM sys.partitions AS p
     INNER JOIN sys.tables AS t
         ON p.object_id = t.object_id
WHERE p.partition_id IS NOT NULL
      AND t.name = 'FactResellerSales';

The following query returns the boundary values for each partition in the FactResellerSales table.

SELECT t.name AS TableName,
       i.name AS IndexName,
       p.partition_number,
       p.partition_id,
       i.data_space_id,
       f.function_id,
       f.type_desc,
       r.boundary_id,
       r.value AS BoundaryValue
FROM sys.tables AS t
     INNER JOIN sys.indexes AS i
         ON t.object_id = i.object_id
     INNER JOIN sys.partitions AS p
         ON i.object_id = p.object_id
        AND i.index_id = p.index_id
     INNER JOIN sys.partition_schemes AS s
         ON i.data_space_id = s.data_space_id
     INNER JOIN sys.partition_functions AS f
         ON s.function_id = f.function_id
     LEFT OUTER JOIN sys.partition_range_values AS r
         ON f.function_id = r.function_id
        AND r.boundary_id = p.partition_number
WHERE t.name = 'FactResellerSales'
      AND i.type <= 1
ORDER BY p.partition_number;

The following query returns the name of the partitioning column for the FactResellerSales table.

SELECT t.object_id AS Object_ID,
       t.name AS TableName,
       ic.column_id AS PartitioningColumnID,
       c.name AS PartitioningColumnName
FROM sys.tables AS t
     INNER JOIN sys.indexes AS i
         ON t.object_id = i.object_id
     INNER JOIN sys.columns AS c
         ON t.object_id = c.object_id
     INNER JOIN sys.partition_schemes AS ps
         ON ps.data_space_id = i.data_space_id
     INNER JOIN sys.index_columns AS ic
         ON ic.object_id = i.object_id
        AND ic.index_id = i.index_id
        AND ic.partition_ordinal > 0
WHERE t.name = 'FactResellerSales'
      AND i.type <= 1
      AND c.column_id = ic.column_id;

The following example merges two partitions on a table.

The Customer table has the following definition:

CREATE TABLE Customer
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    lastName VARCHAR (20),
    orderCount INT,
    orderDate DATE
)
WITH (
    DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
    PARTITION(orderCount RANGE LEFT
        FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100)
    )
);

The following command combines the 10 and 25 partition boundaries.

ALTER TABLE Customer MERGE RANGE (10);

The new DDL for the table is:

CREATE TABLE Customer
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    lastName VARCHAR (20),
    orderCount INT,
    orderDate DATE
)
WITH (
    DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
    PARTITION(orderCount RANGE LEFT
        FOR VALUES (1, 5, 25, 50, 100)
    )
);

The following example splits a partition on a table.

The Customer table has the following DDL:

DROP TABLE Customer;

CREATE TABLE Customer
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    lastName VARCHAR (20),
    orderCount INT,
    orderDate DATE
)
WITH (
    DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
    PARTITION(orderCount RANGE LEFT
        FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100)
    )
);

The following command creates a new partition bound by the value 75, between 50 and 100.

ALTER TABLE Customer SPLIT RANGE (75);

The new DDL for the table is:

CREATE TABLE Customer (
   id INT NOT NULL,
   lastName VARCHAR(20),
   orderCount INT,
   orderDate DATE)
   WITH DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
   PARTITION ( orderCount (RANGE LEFT
      FOR VALUES (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100))) ;

The following example moves the data in a partition of the Orders table to a partition in the OrdersHistory table.

The Orders table has the following DDL:

CREATE TABLE Orders
(
    id INT,
    city VARCHAR (25),
    lastUpdateDate DATE,
    orderDate DATE
)
WITH (
    DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
    PARTITION(orderDate RANGE RIGHT
        FOR VALUES ('2004-01-01', '2005-01-01', '2006-01-01', '2007-01-01')
    )
);

In this example, the Orders table has the following partitions. Each partition contains data.

• Partition 1 (has data): OrderDate < '2004-01-01'
• Partition 2 (has data): '2004-01-01' <= OrderDate < '2005-01-01'
• Partition 3 (has data): '2005-01-01' <= OrderDate< '2006-01-01'
• Partition 4 (has data): '2006-01-01'<= OrderDate < '2007-01-01'
• Partition 5 (has data): '2007-01-01' <= OrderDate

The OrdersHistory table has the following DDL, which has identical columns and column names as the Orders table. Both are hash-distributed on the id column.

CREATE TABLE OrdersHistory
(
    id INT,
    city VARCHAR (25),
    lastUpdateDate DATE,
    orderDate DATE
)
WITH (
    DISTRIBUTION = HASH(id),
    PARTITION(orderDate RANGE RIGHT
        FOR VALUES ('2004-01-01')
    )
);

Although the columns and column names must be the same, the partition boundaries don't need to be the same. In this example, the OrdersHistory table has the following two partitions and both partitions are empty:

• Partition 1 (no data): OrderDate < '2004-01-01'
• Partition 2 (empty): '2004-01-01' <= OrderDate

For the previous two tables, the following command moves all rows with OrderDate < '2004-01-01' from the Orders table to the OrdersHistory table.

ALTER TABLE Orders SWITCH PARTITION 1 TO OrdersHistory PARTITION 1;

As a result, the first partition in Orders is empty and the first partition in OrdersHistory contains data. The tables now appear as follows:

Orders table

• Partition 1 (empty): OrderDate < '2004-01-01'
• Partition 2 (has data): '2004-01-01' <= OrderDate < '2005-01-01'
• Partition 3 (has data): '2005-01-01' <= OrderDate< '2006-01-01'
• Partition 4 (has data): '2006-01-01'<= OrderDate < '2007-01-01'
• Partition 5 (has data): '2007-01-01' <= OrderDate

OrdersHistory table

• Partition 1 (has data): OrderDate < '2004-01-01'
• Partition 2 (empty): '2004-01-01' <= OrderDate

To clean up the Orders table, you can remove the empty partition by merging partitions 1 and 2 as follows:

ALTER TABLE Orders MERGE RANGE ('2004-01-01');

After the merge, the Orders table has the following partitions:

Orders table

• Partition 1 (has data): OrderDate < '2005-01-01'
• Partition 2 (has data): '2005-01-01' <= OrderDate< '2006-01-01'
• Partition 3 (has data): '2006-01-01'<= OrderDate < '2007-01-01'
• Partition 4 (has data): '2007-01-01' <= OrderDate

Suppose another year passes and you're ready to archive the year 2005. You can allocate an empty partition for the year 2005 in the OrdersHistory table by splitting the empty partition as follows:

ALTER TABLE OrdersHistory SPLIT RANGE ('2005-01-01');

After the split, the OrdersHistory table has the following partitions:

OrdersHistory table

• Partition 1 (has data): OrderDate < '2004-01-01'
• Partition 2 (empty): '2004-01-01' < '2005-01-01'
• Partition 3 (empty): '2005-01-01' <= OrderDate

• sys.tables
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• CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)
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• ALTER TABLE column_definition (Transact-SQL)
• ALTER TABLE computed_column_definition (Transact-SQL)
• ALTER TABLE index_option (Transact-SQL)
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