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Showing content from https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/functions below:

What are the Microsoft SQL database functions? - SQL Server

Applies to: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Azure Synapse Analytics Analytics Platform System (PDW) SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric

Learn about the categories of built-in functions you can use with SQL databases. You can use the built-in functions or create your own user-defined functions.

Aggregate functions

Aggregate functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value. They're allowed in the select list or the HAVING clause of a SELECT statement. You can use an aggregation in combination with the GROUP BY clause to calculate the aggregation on categories of rows. Use the OVER clause to calculate the aggregation on a specific range of value. The OVER clause can't follow the GROUPING or GROUPING_ID aggregations.

All aggregate functions are deterministic, which means they always return the same value when they run on the same input values. For more information, see Deterministic and Nondeterministic Functions.

Analytic functions

Analytic functions compute an aggregate value based on a group of rows. However, unlike aggregate functions, analytic functions can return multiple rows for each group. You can use analytic functions to compute moving averages, running totals, percentages, or top-N results within a group.

Bit manipulation functions

Applies to: SQL Server 2022 (16.x)

Bit manipulation functions allow you to process and store data more efficiently than with individual bits. For more information, see Bit manipulation functions.

Ranking functions

Ranking functions return a ranking value for each row in a partition. Depending on the function that is used, some rows might receive the same value as other rows. Ranking functions are nondeterministic.

Rowset functions

Rowset functions Return an object that can be used like table references in a SQL statement.

Scalar functions

Operate on a single value and then return a single value. Scalar functions can be used wherever an expression is valid.

Categories of scalar functions Function determinism

SQL Server built-in functions are either deterministic or nondeterministic. Functions are deterministic when they always return the same result anytime they're called by using a specific set of input values. Functions are nondeterministic when they could return different results every time they're called, even with the same specific set of input values. For more information, see Deterministic and Nondeterministic Functions

Function collation

Functions that take a character string input and return a character string output use the collation of the input string for the output.

Functions that take non-character inputs and return a character string use the default collation of the current database for the output.

Functions that take multiple character string inputs and return a character string use the rules of collation precedence to set the collation of the output string. For more information, see Collation Precedence (Transact-SQL).

Limitations

For information on limitations of function types and platforms, see CREATE FUNCTION.