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Showing content from https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/interop/how-to-map-hresults-and-exceptions below:

How to: Map HRESULTs and Exceptions - .NET Framework

COM methods report errors by returning HRESULTs; .NET methods report them by throwing exceptions. The runtime handles the transition between the two. Each exception class in the .NET Framework maps to an HRESULT.

User-defined exception classes can specify whatever HRESULT is appropriate. These exception classes can dynamically change the HRESULT to be returned when the exception is generated by setting the HResult field on the exception object. Additional information about the exception is provided to the client through the IErrorInfo interface, which is implemented on the .NET object in the unmanaged process.

If you create a class that extends System.Exception, you must set the HRESULT field during construction. Otherwise, the base class assigns the HRESULT value. You can map new exception classes to an existing HRESULT by supplying the value in the exception's constructor.

Note that the runtime will sometimes ignore an HRESULT in cases where there is an IErrorInfo present on the thread. This behavior can occur in cases where the HRESULT and the IErrorInfo do not represent the same error.

To create a new exception class and map it to an HRESULT

Use the following code to create a new exception class called NoAccessException and map it to the HRESULT E_ACCESSDENIED.

Class NoAccessException : public ApplicationException
{
    NoAccessException () {
    HResult = E_ACCESSDENIED;
}
}
CMyClass::MethodThatThrows
{
throw new NoAccessException();
}

You might encounter a program (in any programming language) that uses both managed and unmanaged code at the same time. For example, the custom marshaller in the following code example uses the Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(int HResult) method to throw an exception with a specific HRESULT value. The method looks up the HRESULT and generates the appropriate exception type. For example, the HRESULT in the following code fragment generates ArgumentException.

CMyClass::MethodThatThrows
{
    Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(COR_E_ARGUMENT);
}

The following table provides the common mappings from HRESULT to its comparable exception class in .NET. HRESULT values without explicit mappings are mapped to COMException. The complete up-to-date mapping can be found in the dotnet/runtime repository.

HRESULT .NET exception COR_E_APPLICATION ApplicationException COR_E_ARGUMENT or E_INVALIDARG ArgumentException COR_E_ARGUMENTOUTOFRANGE ArgumentOutOfRangeException COR_E_ARITHMETIC or ERROR_ARITHMETIC_OVERFLOW ArithmeticException COR_E_ARRAYTYPEMISMATCH ArrayTypeMismatchException COR_E_BADIMAGEFORMAT or ERROR_BAD_FORMAT BadImageFormatException COR_E_DIRECTORYNOTFOUND or ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND DirectoryNotFoundException COR_E_DIVIDEBYZERO DivideByZeroException COR_E_DUPLICATEWAITOBJECT DuplicateWaitObjectException COR_E_ENDOFSTREAM EndOfStreamException COR_E_ENTRYPOINTNOTFOUND EntryPointNotFoundException COR_E_EXCEPTION Exception COR_E_EXECUTIONENGINE ExecutionEngineException COR_E_FIELDACCESS FieldAccessException COR_E_FILENOTFOUND or ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND FileNotFoundException COR_E_FORMAT FormatException COR_E_INDEXOUTOFRANGE IndexOutOfRangeException COR_E_INVALIDCAST or E_NOINTERFACE InvalidCastException COR_E_INVALIDFILTERCRITERIA InvalidFilterCriteriaException COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION InvalidOperationException COR_E_IO IOException COR_E_MEMBERACCESS AccessException COR_E_METHODACCESS MethodAccessException COR_E_MISSINGFIELD MissingFieldException COR_E_MISSINGMANIFESTRESOURCE MissingManifestResourceException COR_E_MISSINGMEMBER MissingMemberException COR_E_MISSINGMETHOD MissingMethodException COR_E_NOTFINITENUMBER NotFiniteNumberException E_NOTIMPL NotImplementedException COR_E_NOTSUPPORTED NotSupportedException COR_E_NULLREFERENCE orE_POINTER NullReferenceException COR_E_OUTOFMEMORY or

E_OUTOFMEMORY

OutOfMemoryException COR_E_OVERFLOW OverflowException COR_E_PATHTOOLONG or ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE PathTooLongException COR_E_RANK RankException COR_E_REFLECTIONTYPELOAD ReflectionTypeLoadException COR_E_SECURITY SecurityException COR_E_SERIALIZATION SerializationException COR_E_STACKOVERFLOW orERROR_STACK_OVERFLOW StackOverflowException COR_E_SYNCHRONIZATIONLOCK SynchronizationLockException COR_E_SYSTEM SystemException COR_E_TARGET TargetException COR_E_TARGETINVOCATION TargetInvocationException COR_E_TARGETPARAMCOUNT TargetParameterCountException COR_E_THREADINTERRUPTED ThreadInterruptedException COR_E_THREADSTATE ThreadStateException COR_E_TYPELOAD TypeLoadException COR_E_TYPEINITIALIZATION TypeInitializationException COR_E_VERIFICATION VerificationException

To retrieve extended error information, the managed client must examine the fields of the exception object that was generated. For the exception object to provide useful information about an error, the COM object must implement the IErrorInfo interface. The runtime uses the information provided by IErrorInfo to initialize the exception object.

If the COM object does not support IErrorInfo, the runtime initializes an exception object with default values. The following table lists each field associated with an exception object and identifies the source of default information when the COM object supports IErrorInfo.

Exception field Source of Information from COM ErrorCode HRESULT returned from call. HelpLink If IErrorInfo->HelpContext is nonzero, the string is formed by concatenating IErrorInfo->GetHelpFile and "#" and IErrorInfo->GetHelpContext. Otherwise the string is returned from IErrorInfo->GetHelpFile. InnerException Always a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic). Message String returned from IErrorInfo->GetDescription. Source String returned from IErrorInfo->GetSource. StackTrace The stack trace. TargetSite The name of the method that returned the failing HRESULT.

Exception fields, such as Message, Source, and StackTrace are not available for the StackOverflowException.