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Java String substring() with Examples

Learn to get a substring from from given String in Java between the two indices. Note that String is character array based type and the first character of String is at 0 index.

If we store a String “Hello World” in Java, then it creates a character array of size 11 in the memory to store all the characters of the String value.

String str = "Hello World";

The following is a pictorial representation of the array in memory.

The String.substring() in Java returns a new String that is a substring of the given string that begins from startIndex to an optional endIndex. These indices determine the substring position within the original string.

The substring() method takes two arguments:

• beginIndex: the beginning index of the substring. This index position is inclusive, i.e. the character at the specified index is included in the substring.
• endIndex: the end index of the substring. This index position is exclusive, i.e. the character at the specified index is NOT included in the substring.

String substring(int beginIndex)
String substring​(int beginIndex, int endIndex)

The method returns the substring between the valid start and end indices. If the indices are not valid then we can get IndexOutOfBoundsException error in the runtime.

Let us see a few examples to understand how the substring() method works.

Pass both indices (begin and end indices) when we need to find a substring starting from the given index position to the given end index position. Please note that:

• The beginIndex can be greater than the endIndex.
• Both indices must be greater than or equal to 0.
• Both indices must be less than the length of the string.
• If we pass the same index for both arguments, an empty string is returned.

In the following program, we are finding the substring between the indices 0 and 5. Remember that end index is exclusive, so the character at end index is not included in the substring. In this case, the character at end index is whitespace.

Similarily, we can search for the substring between indices 2 to 8.

Assertions.assertEquals("llo Wo", str.substring(2, 8));

When we do not pass the endIndex argument, the substring is taken up to the last character of the string. In other words, if not specified, the value of endIndex is always ‘string.length() – 1’.

In the following example, we are getting the substring from index position 6.

Assertions.assertEquals("World", str.substring(6));

As mentioned earlier, if we pass an invalid index (such as negative index value) that does not exist in the character array, or the begin index is greater than end index then we will get the IndexOutOfBoundsException in runtime.

Assertions.assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> {   //invalid index
  str.substring(-1);
});

Assertions.assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> {  //begin index > end index
  str.substring(6, 4);
});

In this short Java tutorial, we learned to get the substring of a specified string using the begin and end indices. We learned the rules about valid index values, and begin index is inclusive and end index is exclusive.

Happy Learning !!

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