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Showing content from https://help.github.com/en/actions/concepts/runners/actions-runner-controller below:

Actions Runner Controller - GitHub Docs

You can host your own runners and customize the environment used to run jobs in your GitHub Actions workflows.

About Actions Runner Controller

Actions Runner Controller (ARC) is a Kubernetes operator that orchestrates and scales self-hosted runners for GitHub Actions. For more information, see Operator pattern in the Kubernetes documentation.

With ARC, you can create runner scale sets that automatically scale based on the number of workflows running in your repository, organization, or enterprise. Because controlled runners can be ephemeral and based on containers, new runner instances can scale up or down rapidly and cleanly. For more information about autoscaling, see Self-hosted runners reference.

The following diagram illustrates the architecture of ARC's autoscaling runner scale set mode.

  1. Actions Runner Controller is installed using the supplied Helm charts, and the controller manager pod is deployed in the specified namespace. A new AutoScalingRunnerSet resource is deployed via the supplied Helm charts or a customized manifest file. The AutoScalingRunnerSet Controller calls GitHub's APIs to fetch the runner group ID that the runner scale set will belong to.
  2. The AutoScalingRunnerSet Controller calls the APIs one more time to either fetch or create a runner scale set in the GitHub Actions service before creating the Runner ScaleSet Listener resource.
  3. A Runner ScaleSet Listener pod is deployed by the AutoScalingListener Controller. In this pod, the listener application connects to the GitHub Actions Service to authenticate and establish an HTTPS long poll connection. The listener stays idle until it receives a Job Available message from the GitHub Actions Service.
  4. When a workflow run is triggered from a repository, the GitHub Actions Service dispatches individual job runs to the runners or runner scale sets where the runs-on key matches the name of the runner scale set or labels of self-hosted runners.
  5. When the Runner ScaleSet Listener receives the Job Available message, it checks whether it can scale up to the desired count. If it can, the Runner ScaleSet Listener acknowledges the message.
  6. The Runner ScaleSet Listener uses a Service Account and a Role bound to that account to make an HTTPS call through the Kubernetes APIs to patch the Ephemeral RunnerSet resource with the number of desired replicas count.
  7. The Ephemeral RunnerSet attempts to create new runners and the EphemeralRunner Controller requests a Just-in-Time (JIT) configuration token to register these runners. The controller attempts to create runner pods. If the pod's status is failed, the controller retries up to 5 times. After 24 hours the GitHub Actions Service unassigns the job if no runner accepts it.
  8. Once the runner pod is created, the runner application in the pod uses the JIT configuration token to register itself with the GitHub Actions Service. It then establishes another HTTPS long poll connection to receive the job details it needs to execute.
  9. The GitHub Actions Service acknowledges the runner registration and dispatches the job run details.
  10. Throughout the job run execution, the runner continuously communicates the logs and job run status back to the GitHub Actions Service.
  11. When the runner completes its job successfully, the EphemeralRunner Controller checks with the GitHub Actions Service to see if runner can be deleted. If it can, the Ephemeral RunnerSet deletes the runner.
Actions Runner Controller components

ARC consists of a set of resources, some of which are created specifically for ARC. An ARC deployment applies these resources onto a Kubernetes cluster. Once applied, it creates a set of Pods that contain your self-hosted runners' containers. With ARC, GitHub can treat these runner containers as self-hosted runners and allocate jobs to them as needed.

Each resource that is deployed by ARC is given a name composed of:

Note

Different versions of Kubernetes have different length limits for names of resources. The length limit for the resource name is calculated by adding the length of the installation name and the length of the resource identification suffix. If the resource name is longer than the reserved length, you will receive an error.

Resources deployed by gha-runner-scale-set-controller Template Resource Kind Name Reserved Length Description Notes deployment.yaml Deployment INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller 18 The resource running controller-manager The pods created by this resource have the ReplicaSet suffix and the Pod suffix. serviceaccount.yaml ServiceAccount INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller 18 This is created if serviceAccount.create in values.yaml is set to true. The name can be customized in values.yaml manager_cluster_role.yaml ClusterRole INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller 18 ClusterRole for the controller manager This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is empty. manager_cluster_role_binding.yaml ClusterRoleBinding INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller 18 ClusterRoleBinding for the controller manager This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is empty. manager_single_namespace_controller_role.yaml Role INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-single-namespace 35 Role for the controller manager This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is set. manager_single_namespace_controller_role_binding.yaml RoleBinding INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-single-namespace 35 RoleBinding for the controller manager This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is set. manager_single_namespace_watch_role.yaml Role INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-single-namespace-watch 41 Role for the controller manager for the namespace configured This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is set. manager_single_namespace_watch_role_binding.yaml RoleBinding INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-single-namespace-watch 41 RoleBinding for the controller manager for the namespace configured This is created if the value of flags.watchSingleNamespace is set. manager_listener_role.yaml Role INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-listener 26 Role for the listener This is always created. manager_listener_role_binding.yaml RoleBinding INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-controller-listener 26 RoleBinding for the listener This is always created and binds the listener role with the service account, which is either created by serviceaccount.yaml or configured with values.yaml. Resources deployed by gha-runner-scale-set Template Resource Kind Name Reserved Length Description Notes autoscalingrunnerset.yaml AutoscalingRunnerSet INSTALLATION_NAME 0 Top level resource working with scale sets The name is limited to 45 characters in length. no_permission_service_account.yaml ServiceAccount INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-no-permission 21 Service account mounted to the runner container This is created if the container mode is not "kubernetes" and template.spec.serviceAccountName is not specified. githubsecret.yaml Secret INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-github-secret 20 Secret containing values needed to authenticate to the GitHub API This is created if githubConfigSecret is an object. If a string is provided, this secret will not be created. manager_role.yaml Role INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-manager 15 Role provided to the manager to be able to reconcile on resources in the autoscaling runner set's namespace This is always created. manager_role_binding.yaml RoleBinding INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-manager 15 Binding manager_role to the manager service account. This is always created. kube_mode_role.yaml Role INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-kube-mode 17 Role providing necessary permissions for the hook This is created when the container mode is set to "kubernetes" and template.spec.serviceAccount is not provided. kube_mode_serviceaccount.yaml ServiceAccount INSTALLATION_NAME-gha-rs-kube-mode 17 Service account bound to the runner pod. This is created when the container mode is set to "kubernetes" and template.spec.serviceAccount is not provided. About custom resources

ARC consists of several custom resource definitions (CRDs). For more information on custom resources, see Custom Resources in the Kubernetes documentation. You can find the list of custom resource definitions used for ARC in the following API schema definitions.

Because custom resources are extensions of the Kubernetes API, they won't be available in a default Kubernetes installation. You will need to install these custom resources to use ARC. For more information on installing custom resources, see Quickstart for Actions Runner Controller.

Once the custom resources are installed, you can deploy ARC into your Kubernetes cluster. For information about deploying ARC, see Deploying runner scale sets with Actions Runner Controller.

About the runner container image

GitHub maintains a minimal runner container image. A new image will be published with every runner binaries release. The most recent image will have the runner binaries version and latest as tags.

This image contains the least amount of packages necessary for the container runtime and the runner binaries. To install additional software, you can create your own runner image. You can use ARC's runner image as a base, or use the corresponding setup actions. For instance, actions/setup-java for Java or actions/setup-node for Node.

You can find the definition of ARC's runner image in this Dockerfile and the definition of the base image in this Dockerfile.

Creating your own runner image

You can create your own runner image that meets your requirements. Your runner image must fulfill the following conditions.

You can use the following example Dockerfile to start creating your own runner image.

Dockerfile
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/runtime-deps:6.0 as build

# Replace value with the latest runner release version
# source: https://github.com/actions/runner/releases
# ex: 2.303.0
ARG RUNNER_VERSION=""
ARG RUNNER_ARCH="x64"
# Replace value with the latest runner-container-hooks release version
# source: https://github.com/actions/runner-container-hooks/releases
# ex: 0.3.1
ARG RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION=""

ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
ENV RUNNER_MANUALLY_TRAP_SIG=1
ENV ACTIONS_RUNNER_PRINT_LOG_TO_STDOUT=1

RUN apt update -y && apt install curl unzip -y

RUN adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" --uid 1001 runner \
    && groupadd docker --gid 123 \
    && usermod -aG sudo runner \
    && usermod -aG docker runner \
    && echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers \
    && echo "Defaults env_keep += \"DEBIAN_FRONTEND\"" >> /etc/sudoers

WORKDIR /home/runner

RUN curl -f -L -o runner.tar.gz https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v${RUNNER_VERSION}/actions-runner-linux-${RUNNER_ARCH}-${RUNNER_VERSION}.tar.gz \
    && tar xzf ./runner.tar.gz \
    && rm runner.tar.gz

RUN curl -f -L -o runner-container-hooks.zip https://github.com/actions/runner-container-hooks/releases/download/v${RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION}/actions-runner-hooks-k8s-${RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION}.zip \
    && unzip ./runner-container-hooks.zip -d ./k8s \
    && rm runner-container-hooks.zip

USER runner
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/runtime-deps:6.0 as build




ARG RUNNER_VERSION=""
ARG RUNNER_ARCH="x64"



ARG RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION=""

ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
ENV RUNNER_MANUALLY_TRAP_SIG=1
ENV ACTIONS_RUNNER_PRINT_LOG_TO_STDOUT=1

RUN apt update -y && apt install curl unzip -y

RUN adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" --uid 1001 runner \
    && groupadd docker --gid 123 \
    && usermod -aG sudo runner \
    && usermod -aG docker runner \
    && echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers \
    && echo "Defaults env_keep += \"DEBIAN_FRONTEND\"" >> /etc/sudoers

WORKDIR /home/runner

RUN curl -f -L -o runner.tar.gz https://github.com/actions/runner/releases/download/v${RUNNER_VERSION}/actions-runner-linux-${RUNNER_ARCH}-${RUNNER_VERSION}.tar.gz \
    && tar xzf ./runner.tar.gz \
    && rm runner.tar.gz

RUN curl -f -L -o runner-container-hooks.zip https://github.com/actions/runner-container-hooks/releases/download/v${RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION}/actions-runner-hooks-k8s-${RUNNER_CONTAINER_HOOKS_VERSION}.zip \
    && unzip ./runner-container-hooks.zip -d ./k8s \
    && rm runner-container-hooks.zip

USER runner
Software installed in the ARC runner image

The ARC runner image is bundled with the following software:

For more information, see ARC's runner image Dockerfile in the Actions repository.

Assets and releases

ARC is released as two Helm charts and one container image. The Helm charts are only published as Open Container Initiative (OCI) packages. ARC does not provide tarballs or Helm repositories via GitHub Pages.

You can find the latest releases of ARC's Helm charts and container image on GitHub Packages:

The supported runner image is released as a separate container image, which you can find at actions-runner on GitHub Packages.

Legal notice

Portions have been adapted from https://github.com/actions/actions-runner-controller/ under the Apache-2.0 license:

Copyright 2019 Moto Ishizawa

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Next steps

When you're ready to use ARC to execute workflows, see Using Actions Runner Controller runners in a workflow.

You cannot use additional labels to target runners created by ARC. You can only use the installation name of the runner scale set that you specified during the installation or by defining the value of the runnerScaleSetName field in your values.yaml file. These are used as the 'single label' to use as your runs-on target. For more information, see Using self-hosted runners in a workflow.

You can scale runners statically or dynamically depending on your needs. For more information, see Deploying runner scale sets with Actions Runner Controller.


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