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Showing content from https://github.com/snok/flake8-type-checking below:

snok/flake8-type-checking: Flake8 plugin for managing type-checking imports & forward references.

Lets you know which imports to move in or out of type-checking blocks.

The plugin assumes that the imports you only use for type hinting are not required at runtime. When imports aren't strictly required at runtime, it means we can guard them.

Guarding imports provides 3 major benefits:

🔧 It reduces import circularity issues,
🧹 It organizes imports, and
🚀 It completely eliminates the overhead of type hint imports at runtime

Essentially, this code:

import pandas  # 15mb library

x: pandas.DataFrame

becomes this:

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import pandas  # <-- no longer imported at runtime

x: "pandas.DataFrame"

More examples can be found in the examples section.

If you're using pydantic, fastapi, cattrs, or injector see the configuration for how to enable support.

The plugin will:

Tell you when an import should be moved into a type-checking block
Tell you when an import should be moved out again

And depending on which error code range you've opted into, it will tell you

Whether you need to add a from __future__ import annotations import
Whether you need to quote an annotation
Whether you can unquote a quoted annotation

Code Description TC001 Move application import into a type-checking block TC002 Move third-party import into a type-checking block TC003 Move built-in import into a type-checking block TC004 Move import out of type-checking block. Import is used for more than type hinting. TC005 Found empty type-checking block TC006 Annotation in typing.cast() should be a string literal TC007 Type alias needs to be made into a string literal TC008 Type alias does not need to be a string literal TC009 Move declaration out of type-checking block. Variable is used for more than type hinting. TC010 Operands for | cannot be a string literal Choosing how to handle forward references

You need to choose whether to opt-into using the TC100- or the TC200-range of error codes.

They represent two different ways of solving the same problem, so please only choose one.

TC100 and TC101 manage forward references by taking advantage of postponed evaluation of annotations.

Code Description TC100 Add 'from __future__ import annotations' import TC101 Annotation does not need to be a string literal

TC200 and TC201 manage forward references using string literals.

Code Description TC200 Annotation needs to be made into a string literal TC201 Annotation does not need to be a string literal

Add TC and TC1 or TC2 to your flake8 config like this:

[flake8]
max-line-length = 80
max-complexity = 12
...
ignore = E501
# You can use 'extend-select' (new in flake8 v4):
extend-select = TC, TC2
# OR 'select':
select = C,E,F..., TC, TC2  # or TC1
# OR 'enable-extensions':
enable-extensions = TC, TC2  # or TC1

If you are unsure which TC range to pick, see the rationale for more info.

pip install flake8-type-checking

These options are configurable, and can be set in your flake8 config.

If you re-export typing or typing_extensions members from a compatibility module, you will need to specify them here in order for inference to work correctly for special forms like Literal or Annotated.

If you use relative imports for the compatibility module in your code-base you will need to add separate entries for each kind of relative import you use.

setting name: type-checking-typing-modules
type: list

[flake8]
type-checking-typing-modules = mylib.compat, .compat, ..compat  # default []

If you wish to exempt certain modules from needing to be moved into type-checking blocks, you can specify which modules to ignore.

setting name: type-checking-exempt-modules
type: list

[flake8]
type-checking-exempt-modules = typing_extensions  # default []

The plugin, by default, will report TC00[1-3] errors for imports if there aren't already other imports from the same module. When there are other imports from the same module, the import circularity and performance benefits no longer apply from guarding an import.

When strict mode is enabled, the plugin will flag all imports that can be moved.

setting name: type-checking-strict
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-strict = true  # default false

Force from __future__ import annotations import

The plugin, by default, will only report a TC100 error, if annotations contain references to typing only symbols. If you want to enforce a more consistent style and use a future import in every file that makes use of annotations, you can enable this setting.

When force-future-annotation is enabled, the plugin will flag all files that contain annotations but not future import.

setting name: type-checking-force-future-annotation
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-force-future-annotation = true  # default false

If you use Pydantic models in your code, you should enable Pydantic support. This will treat any class variable annotation as being needed during runtime.

name: type-checking-pydantic-enabled
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-pydantic-enabled = true  # default false

Pydantic support base-class passlist

Disabling checks for all class annotations is a little aggressive.

If you feel comfortable that all base classes named, e.g., NamedTuple are not Pydantic models, then you can pass the names of the base classes in this setting, to re-enable checking for classes which inherit from them.

name: type-checking-pydantic-enabled-baseclass-passlist
type: list

[flake8]
type-checking-pydantic-enabled-baseclass-passlist = NamedTuple, TypedDict  # default []

If you're using the plugin for a FastAPI project, you should enable support. This will treat the annotations of any decorated function as needed at runtime.

Enabling FastAPI support will also enable Pydantic support.

name: type-checking-fastapi-enabled
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-fastapi-enabled = true  # default false

One more thing to note for FastAPI users is that dependencies (functions used in Depends) will produce false positives, unless you enable dependency support as described below.

FastAPI dependency support

In addition to preventing false positives for decorators, we can prevent false positives for dependencies. We are making a pretty bad trade-off however: by enabling this option we treat every annotation in every function definition across your entire project as a possible dependency annotation. In other words, we stop linting all function annotations completely, to avoid the possibility of false positives. If you prefer to be on the safe side, you should enable this - otherwise it might be enough to be aware that false positives can happen for functions used as dependencies.

Enabling dependency support will also enable FastAPI and Pydantic support.

name: type-checking-fastapi-dependency-support-enabled
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-fastapi-dependency-support-enabled = true  # default false

If you're using SQLAlchemy 2.0+, you can enable support. This will treat any Mapped[...] types as needed at runtime. It will also specially treat the enclosed type, since it may or may not need to be available at runtime depending on whether or not the enclosed type is a model or not, since models can have circular dependencies.

name: type-checking-sqlalchemy-enabled
type: bool

type-checking-sqlalchemy-enabled = true  # default false

SQLAlchemy 2.0+ support mapped dotted names

Since it's possible to create subclasses of sqlalchemy.orm.Mapped that define some custom behavior for the mapped attribute, but otherwise still behave like any other mapped attribute, i.e. the same runtime restrictions apply it's possible to provide additional dotted names that should be treated like subclasses of Mapped. By default we check for sqlalchemy.orm.Mapped, sqlalchemy.orm.DynamicMapped and sqlalchemy.orm.WriteOnlyMapped.

If there's more than one import path for the same Mapped subclass, then you need to specify each of them as a separate dotted name.

name: type-checking-sqlalchemy-mapped-dotted-names
type: list

type-checking-sqlalchemy-mapped-dotted-names = a.MyMapped, a.b.MyMapped  # default []

If you're using the plugin in a project which uses cattrs, you can enable support. This will treat the annotations of any decorated attrs class as needed at runtime, since cattrs.unstructure calls will fail when loading classes where types are not available at runtime.

Note: the cattrs support setting does not yet detect and ignore class var annotations on dataclasses or other non-attrs class types. This can be added in the future if needed.

name: type-checking-cattrs-enabled
type: bool

[flake8]
type-checking-cattrs-enabled = true  # default false

If you're using the injector library, you can enable support. This will treat any Inject[Dependency] types as needed at runtime.

name: type-checking-injector-enabled
type: bool

type-checking-injector-enabled = true  # default false

Why did we create this plugin?

Good type hinting typically requires a lot of project imports, which can increase the risk of import cycles in a project. The recommended way of preventing this problem is to use typing.TYPE_CHECKING blocks to guard these types of imports. In particular, TC001 helps protect against this issue.

Once imports are guarded, they will no longer be evaluated/imported during runtime. The consequence of this is that these imports can no longer be treated as if they were imported outside the block. Instead we need to use forward references.

For Python version >= 3.7, there are actually two ways of solving this issue. You can either make your annotations string literals, or you can use a __futures__ import to enable postponed evaluation of annotations. See this excellent stackoverflow answer for a great explanation of the differences.

Performance example

Imports for type hinting can have a performance impact.

import pandas


def dataframe_length(df: pandas.DataFrame) -> int:
    return len(df)

In this example, we import a 15mb library, for a single type hint.

We don't need to perform this operation at runtime, at all. If we know that the import will not otherwise be needed by surrounding code, we can simply guard it, like this:

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import pandas  # <-- no longer imported at runtime


def dataframe_length(df: "pandas.DataFrame") -> int:
    return len(df)

Now the import is no longer made at runtime. If you're unsure about how this works, see the mypy docs for a basic introduction.

Import circularity example

Bad code

models/a.py

from models.b import B

class A(Model):
    def foo(self, b: B): ...

models/b.py

from models.a import A

class B(Model):
    def bar(self, a: A): ...

Will result in these errors

>> a.py: TC002 Move third-party import 'models.b.B' into a type-checking block
>> b.py: TC002 Move third-party import 'models.a.A' into a type-checking block

and consequently trigger these errors if imports are purely moved into type-checking block, without proper forward reference handling

>> a.py: TC100 Add 'from __future__ import annotations' import
>> b.py: TC100 Add 'from __future__ import annotations' import

>> a.py: TC200 Annotation 'B' needs to be made into a string literal
>> b.py: TC200 Annotation 'A' needs to be made into a string literal

Good code

models/a.py

# TC1
from __future__ import annotations

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from models.b import B

class A(Model):
    def foo(self, b: B): ...

# TC2
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from models.b import B

class A(Model):
    def foo(self, b: 'B'): ...

models/b.py

# TC1
from __future__ import annotations

from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from models.a import A

class B(Model):
    def bar(self, a: A): ...

# TC2
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from models.a import A

class B(Model):
    def bar(self, a: 'A'): ...

Examples from the wild

Here are a few examples of public projects that use flake8-type-checking:

Running the plugin as a pre-commit hook

You can run this flake8 plugin as a pre-commit hook:

- repo: https://github.com/pycqa/flake8
  rev: 4.0.1
  hooks:
    - id: flake8
      additional_dependencies:
        - flake8-type-checking

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