© John Mair (banisterfiend) 2010
(Creator)
© Kyrylo Silin (kyrylosilin) 2010
(Maintainer)
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Pry is a runtime developer console and IRB alternative with powerful introspection capabilities. Pry aims to be more than an IRB replacement. It is an attempt to bring REPL driven programming to the Ruby language.
edit Class#method)cd, ls and friends)Pry is fairly flexible and allows significant user customization. It is trivial to read from any object that has a readline method and write to any object that has a puts method. Many other aspects of Pry are also configurable, making it a good choice for implementing custom shells.
Pry comes with an executable so it can be invoked at the command line. Just enter pry to start. A pryrc file in $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pry/ or the user's home directory will be loaded if it exists. Type pry --help at the command line for more information.
Nearly every piece of functionality in a Pry session is implemented as a command. Commands are not methods and must start at the beginning of a line, with no whitespace in between. Commands support a flexible syntax and allow 'options' in the same way as shell commands, for example the following Pry command will show a list of all private instance methods (in scope) that begin with 'pa'
pry(YARD::Parser::SourceParser):5> ls -Mp --grep ^pa YARD::Parser::SourceParser#methods: parse parser_class parser_type parser_type= parser_type_for_filename
Pry allows us to pop in and out of different scopes (objects) using the cd command. This enables us to explore the run-time view of a program or library. To view which variables and methods are available within a particular scope we use the versatile ls command.
Here we will begin Pry at top-level, then Pry on a class and then on an instance variable inside that class:
pry(main)> class Hello pry(main)* @x = 20 pry(main)* end => 20 pry(main)> cd Hello pry(Hello):1> ls -i instance variables: @x pry(Hello):1> cd @x pry(20):2> self + 10 => 30 pry(20):2> cd .. pry(Hello):1> cd .. pry(main)> cd ..
The number after the : in the pry prompt indicates the nesting level. To display more information about nesting, use the nesting command. E.g
pry("friend"):3> nesting
Nesting status:
0. main (Pry top level)
1. Hello
2. 100
3. "friend"
=> nil
We can then jump back to any of the previous nesting levels by using the jump-to command:
pry("friend"):3> jump-to 1
=> 100
pry(Hello):1>
Pry can be invoked in the middle of a running program. It opens a Pry session at the point it's called and makes all program state at that point available. It can be invoked on any object using the my_object.pry syntax or on the current binding (or any binding) using binding.pry. The Pry session will then begin within the scope of the object (or binding). When the session ends the program continues with any modifications you made to it.
This functionality can be used for such things as: debugging, implementing developer consoles and applying hot patches.
code:
# test.rb require 'pry' class A def hello() puts "hello world!" end end a = A.new # start a REPL session binding.pry # program resumes here (after pry session) puts "program resumes here."
Pry session:
pry(main)> a.hello hello world! => nil pry(main)> def a.goodbye pry(main)* puts "goodbye cruel world!" pry(main)* end => :goodbye pry(main)> a.goodbye goodbye cruel world! => nil pry(main)> exit program resumes here.Command Shell Integration
A line of input that begins with a '.' will be forwarded to the command shell. This enables us to navigate the file system, spawn editors, and run git and rake directly from within Pry.
Further, we can use the shell-mode command to incorporate the present working directory into the Pry prompt and bring in (limited at this stage, sorry) file name completion. We can also interpolate Ruby code directly into the shell by using the normal #{} string interpolation syntax.
In the code below we're going to switch to shell-mode and edit the pryrc file. We'll then cat its contents and reload the file.
pry(main)> shell-mode pry main:/home/john/ruby/projects/pry $ .cd ~ pry main:/home/john $ .emacsclient .pryrc pry main:/home/john $ .cat .pryrc def hello_world puts "hello world!" end pry main:/home/john $ load ".pryrc" => true pry main:/home/john $ hello_world hello world!
We can also interpolate Ruby code into the shell. In the example below we use the shell command cat on a random file from the current directory and count the number of lines in that file with wc:
pry main:/home/john $ .cat #{Dir['*.*'].sample} | wc -l
44
You can browse method source code with the show-source command. Nearly all Ruby methods (and some C methods, with the pry-doc gem) can have their source viewed. Code that is longer than a page is sent through a pager (such as less), and all code is properly syntax highlighted (even C code).
The show-source command accepts two syntaxes, the typical ri Class#method syntax and also simply the name of a method that's in scope. You can optionally pass the -l option to show-source to include line numbers in the output.
In the following example we will enter the Pry class, list the instance methods beginning with 'se' and display the source code for the set_last_result method:
pry(main)> cd Pry pry(Pry):1> ls -M --grep se Pry#methods: raise_up raise_up! raise_up_common reset_eval_string select_prompt set_last_result pry(Pry):1> show-source set_last_result -l From: /home/john/ruby/projects/pry/lib/pry/pry_instance.rb:405: Owner: Pry Visibility: public Signature: set_last_result(result, code=?) Number of lines: 6 405: def set_last_result(result, code = "") 406: @last_result_is_exception = false 407: @output_ring << result 408: 409: self.last_result = result unless code =~ /\A\s*\z/ 410: end
Note that we can also view C methods (from Ruby Core) using the pry-doc plugin; we also show off the alternate syntax for show-source:
pry(main)> show-source Array#select
From: array.c in Ruby Core (C Method):
Number of lines: 15
static VALUE
rb_ary_select(VALUE ary)
{
VALUE result;
long i;
RETURN_ENUMERATOR(ary, 0, 0);
result = rb_ary_new2(RARRAY_LEN(ary));
for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
if (RTEST(rb_yield(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]))) {
rb_ary_push(result, rb_ary_elt(ary, i));
}
}
return result;
}
One use-case for Pry is to explore a program at run-time by cd-ing in and out of objects and viewing and invoking methods. In the course of exploring it may be useful to read the documentation for a specific method that you come across. show-source command supports two syntaxes - the normal ri syntax as well as accepting the name of any method that is currently in scope.
The Pry documentation system does not rely on pre-generated rdoc or ri, instead it grabs the comments directly above the method on demand. This results in speedier documentation retrieval and allows the Pry system to retrieve documentation for methods that would not be picked up by rdoc. Pry also has a basic understanding of both the rdoc and yard formats and will attempt to syntax highlight the documentation appropriately.
Nonetheless, the ri functionality is very good and has an advantage over Pry's system in that it allows documentation lookup for classes as well as methods. Pry therefore has good integration with ri through the ri command. The syntax for the command is exactly as it would be in command-line - so it is not necessary to quote strings.
In our example we will enter the Gem class and view the documentation for the try_activate method:
pry(main)> cd Gem pry(Gem):1> show-source try_activate -d From: /Users/john/rbenv/versions/2.7.1/lib/ruby/2.7.0/rubygems.rb:194: Owner: #<Class:Gem> Visibility: public Signature: try_activate(path) Number of lines: 28 Try to activate a gem containing path. Returns true if activation succeeded or wasn't needed because it was already activated. Returns false if it can't find the path in a gem. def self.try_activate(path) # finds the _latest_ version... regardless of loaded specs and their deps # if another gem had a requirement that would mean we shouldn't # activate the latest version, then either it would already be activated # or if it was ambiguous (and thus unresolved) the code in our custom # require will try to activate the more specific version. spec = Gem::Specification.find_by_path path pry(Gem):1>
We can also use ri in the normal way:
pry(main) ri Array#each
----------------------------------------------------------- Array#each
array.each {|item| block } -> array
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calls _block_ once for each element in _self_, passing that element
as a parameter.
a = [ "a", "b", "c" ]
a.each {|x| print x, " -- " }
produces:
a -- b -- c --
You can use edit Class#method or edit my_method (if the method is in scope) to open a method for editing directly in your favorite editor. Pry has knowledge of a few different editors and will attempt to open the file at the line the method is defined.
You can set the editor to use by assigning to the Pry.editor accessor. Pry.editor will default to $EDITOR or failing that will use nano as the backup default. The file that is edited will be automatically reloaded after exiting the editor - reloading can be suppressed by passing the --no-reload option to edit
In the example below we will set our default editor to "emacsclient" and open the Pry#repl method for editing:
pry(main)> Pry.editor = "emacsclient" pry(main)> edit Pry#repl
Many other commands are available in Pry; to see the full list type help at the prompt. A short description of each command is provided with basic instructions for use; some commands have a more extensive help that can be accessed via typing command_name --help. A command will typically say in its description if the --help option is available.
You can run a Pry console in your app's environment using Pry's -r flag:
pry -r ./config/environment
Or start the rails console (bin/rails console) and then type pry.
It's also possible to use Pry as your Rails console by adding the pry-rails gem to your Gemfile. This replaces the default console with Pry, in addition to loading the Rails console helpers and adding some useful Rails-specific commands.
Note that pry-rails is not currently maintained.
Also check out the wiki for more information about integrating Pry with Rails.
Syntax highlighting is on by default in Pry. If you want to change the colors, check out the pry-theme gem.
You can toggle the syntax highlighting on and off in a session by using the toggle-color command. Alternatively, you can turn it off permanently by putting the line Pry.color = false in your pryrc file.
In case you have a problem, question or a bug report, feel free to:
The project uses the MIT License. See LICENSE.md for details.
Pry is primarily the work of John Mair (banisterfiend), for full list of contributors see the contributors graph.
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