These are currently converted to object (and back) in _concat_compat. But if they are the same dtype (same categoriies/ordering), then this can be short-circutied.
In [17]: s = Series(list('aabbcd')*1000000).astype('category')
In [18]: result = pd.concat([s,s])
In [19]: result2 = Series(pd.Categorical(pd.concat([s.cat.codes,s.cat.codes]),s.cat.categories,fastpath=True))
In [20]: result = pd.concat([s,s],ignore_index=True)
In [21]: result2 = Series(pd.Categorical(pd.concat([s.cat.codes,s.cat.codes],ignore_index=True),s.cat.categories,fastpath=True))
In [22]: result.equals(result2)
Out[22]: True
In [23]: %timeit pd.concat([s,s],ignore_index=True)
1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop
In [24]: %timeit Series(pd.Categorical(pd.concat([s.cat.codes,s.cat.codes],ignore_index=True),s.cat.categories,fastpath=True))
10 loops, best of 3: 52.3 ms per loop
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