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oracle/graalpython: GraalPy – A high-performance embeddable Python 3 runtime for Java

GraalPy is a high-performance implementation of the Python language for the JVM built on GraalVM. GraalPy is a Python 3.11 compliant runtime. It has first-class support for embedding in Java and can turn Python applications into fast, standalone binaries. GraalPy is ready for production running pure Python code and has experimental support for many popular native extension modules.

Low-overhead integration with Java and other languages

• Use Python in Java applications on GraalVM JDK, Oracle JDK, or OpenJDK
• Use JVM tools like Maven, JFR, or GraalVM Native Image
• Manage Python libraries' system access thanks to GraalPy's Java-based emulation of Python OS APIs

Compatible with the Python ecosystem

Runs Python code faster

GraalPy is available on Maven Central for inclusion in Java projects. Refer to our embedding documentation for more details.

• Maven

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.graalvm.polyglot</groupId>
      <artifactId>polyglot</artifactId>
      <version>24.2.0</version>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.graalvm.polyglot</groupId>
      <artifactId>python</artifactId>
      <version>24.2.0</version>
      <type>pom</type>
  </dependency>

• Gradle

  implementation("org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:24.2.0")
  implementation("org.graalvm.polyglot:python:24.2.0")

GraalPy should in many cases work as a drop-in replacement for CPython. You can use pip to install packages as usual. Packages with C code usually do not provide binaries for GraalPy, so they will be automatically compiled during installation. This means that build tools have to be available and installation will take longer. We provide Github actions to help you build binary packages with the correct dependencies. Thanks to our integration with GraalVM Native Image, we can deploy Python applications as standalone binary, all dependencies included.

• Linux

  The easiest way to install GraalPy on Linux is to use Pyenv (the Python version manager). To install version 24.2.0 using Pyenv, run the following commands:

  pyenv install graalpy-24.2.0

  pyenv shell graalpy-24.2.0

  NOTE: There will be a delay between GraalPy release and its availability on Pyenv. Make sure to update Pyenv.

  Alternatively, you can download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases.

  1. Find the download that matches the pattern graalpy-XX.Y.Z-linux-amd64.tar.gz or graalpy-XX.Y.Z-linux-aarch64.tar.gz (depending on your platform) and download.
  2. Uncompress the file and update your PATH environment variable to include the graalpy-XX.Y.Z-linux-amd64/bin (or graalpy-XX.Y.Z-linux-aarch64/bin) directory.

• macOS

  The easiest way to install GraalPy on macOS is to use Pyenv (the Python version manager). To install version 24.2.0 using Pyenv, run the following commands:

  pyenv install graalpy-24.2.0

  pyenv shell graalpy-24.2.0

  NOTE: There will be a delay between GraalPy release and its availability on Pyenv. Make sure to update Pyenv.

  Alternatively, you can download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases.

  1. Find the download that matches the pattern graalpy-XX.Y.Z-macos-amd64.tar.gz or graalpy-XX.Y.Z-macos-aarch64.tar.gz (depending on your platform) and download.
  2. Remove the quarantine attribute.

     sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/graalpy

     For example:

     sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine ~/.pyenv/versions/graalpy-24.2.0

  3. Uncompress the file and update your PATH environment variable to include to the graalpy-XX.Y.Z-macos-amd64/bin (or graalpy-XX.Y.Z-macos-aarch64/bin) directory.

• Windows

  The Windows support of GraalPy is still experimental, so not all features and packages may be available. The easiest way to install GraalPy on Windows is to use Pyenv-win (the Python version manager for Windows). To install version 24.2.0 using Pyenv-win, run the following commands:

  pyenv install graalpy-24.2.0-windows-amd64

  pyenv shell graalpy-24.2.0-windows-amd64

  NOTE: There will be a delay between GraalPy release and its availability on Pyenv. Make sure to update Pyenv.

  Alternatively, you can download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases.

  1. Find the download that matches the pattern graalpy-XX.Y.Z-windows-amd64.tar.gz and download.
  2. Uncompress the file and update your PATH variable to include to the graalpy-XX.Y.Z-windows-amd64/bin directory.

The setup-python action supports GraalPy:

    - name: Setup GraalPy
      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
      with:
        python-version: graalpy # or graalpy24.2 to pin a version

Most existing Jython code that uses Java integration will be based on a stable Jython release—however, these are only available in Python 2.x versions. To migrate your code from Python 2 to Python 3, follow the official guide from the Python community. GraalPy provides a special mode to facilitate migration. To run Jython scripts, you need to use a GraalPy distribution running on the JVM so you can access Java classes from Python scripts.

• Linux

  1. Find and download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases that matches the pattern graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-linux-amd64.tar.gz or graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-linux-aarch64.tar.gz (depending on your platform) and download.
  2. Uncompress the file and update your PATH environment variable to include the graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-linux-amd64/bin (or graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-linux-aarch64/bin) directory.
  3. Run your scripts with graalpy --python.EmulateJython.

• macOS

  1. Find and download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases that matches the pattern graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-macos-amd64.tar.gz or graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-macos-aarch64.tar.gz (depending on your platform) and download.
  2. Remove the quarantine attribute.

     sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/graalpy

     For example:

     sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine ~/.pyenv/versions/graalpy-24.2.0

  3. Uncompress the file and update your PATH environment variable to include to the graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-macos-amd64/bin (or graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-macos-aarch64/bin) directory.
  4. Run your scripts with graalpy --python.EmulateJython.

• Windows

  1. Find and download a compressed GraalPy installation file from GitHub releases that matches the pattern graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-windows-amd64.tar.gz.
  2. Uncompress the file and update your PATH variable to include to the graalpy-jvm-XX.Y.Z-windows-amd64/bin directory.
  3. Run your scripts with graalpy --python.EmulateJython.

^{Java AWT app with Python graph library using JBang  |  Standalone binary of a Python game by Joey Navarro with all dependencies included.}

GraalPy Quick Reference Sheet should help you get started. More GraalPy-specific user documentation is available in docs/user. General documentation about polyglot programming and language embedding is available on the GraalVM website.

The best way to get in touch with us is to join the #graalpy channel on GraalVM Slack or tweet us.

This project welcomes contributions from the community. Before submitting a pull request, please review our contribution guide.

If you're thinking about contributing something to this repository, you will need to sign the Oracle Contributor Agreement for us to able to merge your work. Also take a look at the code of conduct for contributors.

Consult the security guide for our responsible security vulnerability disclosure process.

This GraalVM implementation of Python is Copyright (c) 2017, 2024 Oracle and/or its affiliates and is made available to you under the terms the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at https://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl/. This implementation is in part derived from and contains additional code from 3rd parties, the copyrights and licensing of which is detailed in the LICENSE and THIRD_PARTY_LICENSE files.

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