multiaddr implementation in Python
from multiaddr import Multiaddr
# construct from a string
m1 = Multiaddr("/ip4/127.0.0.1/udp/1234")
# construct from bytes
#m2 = Multiaddr(bytes_addr=m1.to_bytes()) # deprecated
m2 = Multiaddr(m1.to_bytes())
assert str(m1) == "/ip4/127.0.0.1/udp/1234"
assert str(m1) == str(m2)
assert m1.to_bytes() == m2.to_bytes()
assert m1 == m2
assert m2 == m1
assert not (m1 != m2)
assert not (m2 != m1)
from multiaddr import Multiaddr
m1 = Multiaddr("/ip4/127.0.0.1/udp/1234")
# get the multiaddr protocol description objects
m1.protocols()
# [Protocol(code=4, name='ip4', size=32), Protocol(code=17, name='udp', size=16)]
from multiaddr import Multiaddr
m1 = Multiaddr("/ip4/127.0.0.1/udp/1234")
m1.encapsulate(Multiaddr("/sctp/5678"))
# <Multiaddr /ip4/127.0.0.1/udp/1234/sctp/5678>
m1.decapsulate(Multiaddr("/udp"))
# <Multiaddr /ip4/127.0.0.1>
# Decapsulate by protocol code
m2 = Multiaddr("/ip4/192.168.1.1/tcp/8080/udp/1234")
m2.decapsulate_code(6) # TCP protocol code
# <Multiaddr /ip4/192.168.1.1>
# Decapsulate multiple layers
m3 = Multiaddr("/ip4/10.0.0.1/tcp/443/tls/p2p/QmPeer")
m3.decapsulate_code(6) # Remove TCP and everything after
# <Multiaddr /ip4/10.0.0.1>
Multiaddr allows expressing tunnels very nicely.
printer = Multiaddr("/ip4/192.168.0.13/tcp/80")
proxy = Multiaddr("/ip4/10.20.30.40/tcp/443")
printerOverProxy = proxy.encapsulate(printer)
print(printerOverProxy)
# /ip4/10.20.30.40/tcp/443/ip4/192.168.0.13/tcp/80
proxyAgain = printerOverProxy.decapsulate(printer)
print(proxyAgain)
# /ip4/10.20.30.40/tcp/443
Multiaddr supports DNS-based address resolution using the DNSADDR protocol. This is particularly useful for resolving bootstrap node addresses and maintaining peer IDs during resolution.
from multiaddr import Multiaddr
import trio
# Basic DNS resolution
ma = Multiaddr("/dns/example.com")
resolved = await ma.resolve()
print(resolved)
# [Multiaddr("/ip4/93.184.216.34"), Multiaddr("/ip6/2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946")]
# DNSADDR with peer ID (bootstrap node style)
ma_with_peer = Multiaddr("/dnsaddr/bootstrap.libp2p.io/p2p/QmNnooDu7bfjPFoTZYxMNLWUQJyrVwtbZg5gBMjTezGAJN")
resolved_with_peer = await ma_with_peer.resolve()
print(resolved_with_peer)
# [Multiaddr("/ip4/147.75.83.83/tcp/4001/p2p/QmNnooDu7bfjPFoTZYxMNLWUQJyrVwtbZg5gBMjTezGAJN")]
# DNS4 and DNS6 resolution (IPv4/IPv6 specific)
ma_dns4 = Multiaddr("/dns4/example.com/tcp/443")
resolved_dns4 = await ma_dns4.resolve()
print(resolved_dns4)
# [Multiaddr("/ip4/93.184.216.34/tcp/443")]
ma_dns6 = Multiaddr("/dns6/example.com/tcp/443")
resolved_dns6 = await ma_dns6.resolve()
print(resolved_dns6)
# [Multiaddr("/ip6/2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946/tcp/443")]
# Using the DNS resolver directly
from multiaddr.resolvers import DNSResolver
resolver = DNSResolver()
resolved = await resolver.resolve(ma)
print(resolved)
# [Multiaddr("/ip4/93.184.216.34"), Multiaddr("/ip6/2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946")]
# Peer ID preservation test
original_peer_id = ma_with_peer.get_peer_id()
print(f"Original peer ID: {original_peer_id}")
# Original peer ID: QmNnooDu7bfjPFoTZYxMNLWUQJyrVwtbZg5gBMjTezGAJN
for resolved_addr in resolved_with_peer:
preserved_peer_id = resolved_addr.get_peer_id()
print(f"Resolved peer ID: {preserved_peer_id}")
# Resolved peer ID: QmNnooDu7bfjPFoTZYxMNLWUQJyrVwtbZg5gBMjTezGAJN
For comprehensive examples including bootstrap node resolution, protocol comparison, and py-libp2p integration, see the DNS examples in the examples directory.
Thin Waist Address ValidationMultiaddr provides thin waist address validation functionality to process multiaddrs and expand wildcard addresses to all available network interfaces. This is particularly useful for server configuration, network discovery, and dynamic port management.
from multiaddr import Multiaddr
from multiaddr.utils import get_thin_waist_addresses, get_network_addrs
# Network interface discovery
ipv4_addrs = get_network_addrs(4)
print(f"Available IPv4 addresses: {ipv4_addrs}")
# Available IPv4 addresses: ['192.168.1.12', '10.152.168.99']
# Specific address (no expansion)
addr = Multiaddr("/ip4/192.168.1.100/tcp/8080")
result = get_thin_waist_addresses(addr)
print(result)
# [<Multiaddr /ip4/192.168.1.100/tcp/8080>]
# IPv4 wildcard expansion
addr = Multiaddr("/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/8080")
result = get_thin_waist_addresses(addr)
print(result)
# [<Multiaddr /ip4/192.168.1.12/tcp/8080>, <Multiaddr /ip4/10.152.168.99/tcp/8080>]
# IPv6 wildcard expansion
addr = Multiaddr("/ip6/::/tcp/8080")
result = get_thin_waist_addresses(addr)
print(result)
# [<Multiaddr /ip6/::1/tcp/8080>, <Multiaddr /ip6/fd9b:9eba:8224:1:41a1:8939:231a:b414/tcp/8080>]
# Port override
addr = Multiaddr("/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/8080")
result = get_thin_waist_addresses(addr, port=9000)
print(result)
# [<Multiaddr /ip4/192.168.1.12/tcp/9000>, <Multiaddr /ip4/10.152.168.99/tcp/9000>]
# UDP transport support
addr = Multiaddr("/ip4/0.0.0.0/udp/1234")
result = get_thin_waist_addresses(addr)
print(result)
# [<Multiaddr /ip4/192.168.1.12/udp/1234>, <Multiaddr /ip4/10.152.168.99/udp/1234>]
# Server binding scenario
wildcard = Multiaddr("/ip4/0.0.0.0/tcp/8080")
interfaces = get_thin_waist_addresses(wildcard)
print("Available interfaces for server binding:")
for i, interface in enumerate(interfaces, 1):
print(f" {i}. {interface}")
# Available interfaces for server binding:
# 1. /ip4/192.168.1.12/tcp/8080
# 2. /ip4/10.152.168.99/tcp/8080
For comprehensive examples including error handling, practical usage scenarios, and detailed network interface information, see the thin waist examples in the examples directory.
Original author: @sbuss.
Contributions welcome. Please check out the issues.
Check out our contributing document for more information on how we work, and about contributing in general. Please be aware that all interactions related to multiformats are subject to the IPFS Code of Conduct.
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