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hypothesis - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Recorded since 1596, from Middle French hypothese, from Late Latin hypothesis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupóthesis, “base, basis of an argument, supposition”, literally “a placing under”), itself from ὑποτίθημι (hupotíthēmi, “I set before, suggest”), from ὑπό (hupó, “below”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place”).

• (UK) IPA^(key): /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /hɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /həˈpɒθɪsɪs/, /-əsəs/, /-əsɪs/
• (US) IPA^(key): [haɪˈpʰɑθəsɪs]
• Hyphenation: hy‧po‧the‧sis

hypothesis (plural hypotheses)

1. (sciences) A tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem and that can be tested by further observation, investigation, and/or experimentation.

   Hyponym: working hypothesis (weakly held, but currently operative)

   Coordinate terms: theory, law (distinct in strict use as scientific terms of art)

   • 2001 September 27, Terrie E. Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi, Michael Rutter, Phil A. Silva, Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study‎^[1], Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151:

     This hypothesis goes by many names, including group resistence, the threshold effect, and the gender paradox. Because the hypothesis holds such wide appeal, it is worth revisiting the logic behind it. The hypothesis is built on the factual observation that fewer females than males act antisocially.

   • 2005, Ronald H. Pine, http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/intelligent_design_or_no_model_creationism, 15 October 2005:

     Far too many of us have been taught in school that a scientist, in the course of trying to figure something out, will first come up with a "hypothesis" (a guess or surmise—not necessarily even an "educated" guess). ... [But t]he word "hypothesis" should be used, in science, exclusively for a reasoned, sensible, knowledge-informed explanation for why some phenomenon exists or occurs. An hypothesis can be as yet untested; can have already been tested; may have been falsified; may have not yet been falsified, although tested; or may have been tested in a myriad of ways countless times without being falsified; and it may come to be universally accepted by the scientific community. An understanding of the word "hypothesis," as used in science, requires a grasp of the principles underlying Occam's Razor and Karl Popper's thought in regard to "falsifiability"—including the notion that any respectable scientific hypothesis must, in principle, be "capable of" being proven wrong (if it should, in fact, just happen to be wrong), but none can ever be proved to be true. One aspect of a proper understanding of the word "hypothesis," as used in science, is that only a vanishingly small percentage of hypotheses could ever potentially become a theory.

2. (general) An assumption taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation.

   Synonyms: educated guess; guess; supposition, conjecture; thesis; theory (broadly synonymous); see also Thesaurus:supposition

3. (grammar) The antecedent of a conditional statement.

tentative conjecture in science

• Afrikaans: hipotese
• Albanian: hipotezë (sq) f
• Arabic: فَرْضِيَّة (ar) f (farḍiyya)
• Armenian: վարկած (hy) (varkac), հիպոթեզ (hy) (hipotʻez)
• Azerbaijani: hipotez, fərziyyə
• Belarusian: гіпо́тэза f (hipóteza), прыпушчэ́нне n (prypuščénnje)
• Bengali: অনুকল্প (bn) (onukolpo)
• Bulgarian: хипоте́за (bg) f (hipotéza)
• Burmese: please add this translation if you can
• Catalan: hipòtesi (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 假說 / 假说 (gaa² syut³), 假設 / 假设 (gaa² cit³), 假定 (gaa² ding⁶)

  Mandarin: 假說 / 假说 (zh) (jiǎshuō), 假設 / 假设 (zh) (jiǎshè), 假定 (zh) (jiǎdìng)

• Czech: hypotéza (cs) f, domněnka (cs) f
• Danish: hypotese (da) c
• Dutch: hypothese (nl) f, stelling (nl) f
• Esperanto: hipotezo (eo)
• Estonian: hüpotees (et)
• Finnish: hypoteesi (fi)
• French: hypothèse (fr) f
• Galician: hipótese (gl) f
• Georgian: ჰიპოთეზა (hiṗoteza)
• German: Hypothese (de) f
• Greek: υπόθεση (el) f (ypóthesi)
• Hebrew: הִיפּוֹתֵזָה f (hipotezá), הַשְׁעָרָה (he) f (hash'ará)
• Hindi: परिकल्पना (hi) f (parikalpanā)
• Hungarian: hipotézis (hu)
• Icelandic: tilgáta (is) f
• Indonesian: hipotesis (id)
• Irish: hipitéis f
• Italian: ipotesi (it) f
• Japanese: 仮説 (ja) (かせつ, kasetsu)
• Kazakh: гипотеза (gipoteza), болжам (kk) (boljam)
• Khmer: សម្មតិកម្ម (km) (sɑmmaʼtekam)
• Korean: 가설(假說) (ko) (gaseol)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: گریمانە (grîmane)

  Northern Kurdish: hîpotez, feraziye

• Kyrgyz: гипотеза (ky) (gipoteza)
• Lao: ສົມມຸດຕິຖານ (lo) (som mut ti thān)
• Latin: hypothesis (la) f
• Latvian: hipotēze f
• Lithuanian: hipotezė f
• Luxembourgish: Hypothees f
• Macedonian: хипоте́за f (hipotéza)
• Malay: hipotesis (ms)
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: таамаглал (mn) (taamaglal), гипотез (gipotez)

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: hypotese (no) m

• Occitan: ipotèsis f
• Pashto: فرضيه (ps) f (farzya)
• Persian: فَرضیِه (fa) (farziye), اِنگاشتِه (fa) (engâšte), پِنداشتِه (fa) (pendâšte)
• Polish: hipoteza (pl) f, przypuszczenie (pl) n
• Portuguese: hipótese (pt) f
• Romanian: ipoteză (ro) f
• Russian: гипо́теза (ru) f (gipóteza), предположе́ние (ru) n (predpoložénije)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: хипоте́за f

  Roman: hipotéza (sh) f

• Slovak: domnienka f, hypotéza f
• Slovene: hipoteza f
• Spanish: hipótesis (es) f, hipótesi f (disused)
• Swedish: hypotes (sv) c
• Tagalog: palagayin, ipotesis
• Tajik: фарзия (farziya), гипотеза (gipoteza)
• Tatar: гипотеза (gipoteza)
• Thai: สมมุติฐาน (th) (sǒm-mút-dtì-tǎan)
• Turkish: hipotez (tr), faraziye (tr), varsayım (tr)
• Turkmen: gipoteza
• Ukrainian: гіпо́теза f (hipóteza), припу́щення n (prypúščennja), засно́вок m (zasnóvok)
• Urdu: فَرْضِیَہ m (farziyā)
• Uyghur: گىپوتېزا (gipotëza)
• Uzbek: gipoteza (uz), faraziya (uz)
• Vietnamese: giả thuyết (vi) (假說)

assumption taken to be true

• Afrikaans: hipotese
• Belarusian: прыпушчэ́нне n (prypuščénnje)
• Bulgarian: предположе́ние (bg) n (predpoložénie)
• Catalan: hipòtesi (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 假設 / 假设 (zh) (jiǎshè), 假定 (zh) (jiǎdìng), 假說 / 假说 (zh) (jiǎshuō), 前提 (zh) (qiántí)

• Czech: hypotéza (cs) f, domněnka (cs) f
• Danish: hypotese (da)
• Dutch: hypothese (nl) f, veronderstelling (nl)
• Finnish: hypoteesi (fi), olettamus (fi), otaksuma (fi)
• Galician: hipótese (gl) f
• German: Hypothese (de) f
• Hebrew: הַנָּחָה (he) f (hanakhá)
• Hungarian: feltevés (hu), feltételezés (hu)
• Italian: ipotesi (it) f
• Japanese: 仮定 (ja) (かてい, katei)
• Korean: 가정(假定) (ko) (gajeong)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: گریمانە (grîmane)

• Ottoman Turkish: تقدیر (takdir)
• Polish: przypuszczenie (pl) n
• Portuguese: hipótese (pt) f
• Romanian: ipoteză (ro) f, prezumție (ro) f
• Russian: предположе́ние (ru) n (predpoložénije), гипо́теза (ru) f (gipóteza)
• Spanish: hipótesis (es) f, hipótesi f (disused)
• Swedish: antagande (sv) c
• Tagalog: palagayin
• Ukrainian: припу́щення n (prypúščennja)
• Vietnamese: giả thiết (vi), giả định (vi)

antecedent of a conditional statement

Translations to be checked

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupóthesis, “hypothesis”, noun).

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [hyˈpɔ.tʰɛ.sɪs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [iˈpɔː.t̪e.s̬is]

hypothesis f (genitive hypothesis or hypotheseōs or hypothesios); third declension

1. hypothesis

Third-declension noun (Greek-type, i-stem).

¹Found sometimes in Medieval and New Latin.

• There is also genitive plural hypotheseōn.
• The genitive singular is also spelled hypotheseωs and the genitive plural hypotheseωn.

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