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Voiceless postalveolar affricate - Wikipedia
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Consonantal sound
Voiceless postalveolar affricate IPA number 103 134 source · help Entity (decimal) t͡ʃ Unicode (hex) U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 X-SAMPA tS or t_rS Image
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩, ⟨tʃ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ⟩),[clarification needed] or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A7 ʧ LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Adyghe чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ [t͡ʃamə]ⓘ 'cow' Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. Albanian çelur [t͡ʃɛluɾ] 'opened' Aleut Atkan dialect chamĝul [t͡ʃɑmʁul] 'to wash' Amharic አንቺ/anči [ant͡ʃi] 'you' Arabic[1] Central Palestinian مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] 'library' Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology Iraqi چتاب/čitaab [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] 'book' Jordanian كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb] Aragonese chuego [ˈt͡ʃueɣo] 'game' Armenian Eastern[2] ճնճղուկ/čënčquk [t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk]ⓘ 'sparrow' Assyrian ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama [t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ] 'to shut' Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. Asturian Chipre [ˈt͡ʃipɾe] 'Cyprus' Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ʃ]. Azerbaijani Əkinçi/اکینچی [ækint͡ʃʰi] 'the ploughman' Bengali চশমা/čošma [t͡ʃɔʃma] 'spectacles' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology Basque txalupa [t͡ʃalupa] 'boat' Bulgarian чучулига/čučuliga [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] 'lark' See Bulgarian phonology Catalan cotxe [ˈkɔ(t).t͡ʃə] 'car' See Catalan phonology. Central Alaskan Yup'ik nacaq [ˈnat͡ʃaq] 'parka hood' Choctaw hakchioma [hakt͡ʃioma] 'tobacco' Coptic Bohairic dialect ϭⲟϩ/čoh [t͡ʃʰɔh] 'touch' Czech morče [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] 'guinea pig' See Czech phonology Dhivehi ޗަކަސް / čakas [t͡ʃakas] 'mud' Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words Dutch Tjongejonge [t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə] 'jeez' An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.[3]
Pronunciation is region dependent.
English beach [biːt͡ʃ] 'beach' Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology Esperanto ĉar [t͡ʃar] 'because' See Esperanto phonology Estonian tšello [ˈtʃelˑo] 'cello' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology Faroese gera [t͡ʃeːɹa] 'to do' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology Finnish Tšekki [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] 'Czechia' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology French Standard caoutchouc [kaut͡ʃu] 'rubber' Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology Acadian tiens [t͡ʃɛ̃] '(I/you) keep' Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. Galician cheo [ˈt͡ʃeo] 'full' Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology Georgian[4] ჩიხი/čixi [t͡ʃixi] 'impasse' German Standard[5] Tschüss [t͡ʃʏs] 'bye' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] See Standard German phonology Greek Cypriot τσ̌άι/čai [t͡ʃɑːiː] 'tea' Hausa ciwo/ثِيوُاْ [t͡ʃíː.wòː] 'disease, pain' Hebrew תשובה/čuva [t͡ʃuˈva] 'answer' See Modern Hebrew phonology Hindustani Hindi चाय/cāy [t͡ʃaːj] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology Urdu چائے/çāy Haitian Creole match [mat͡ʃ] 'sports match' Hungarian gyümölcslé [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] 'fruit juice' See Hungarian phonology Italian[6] ciao [ˈt͡ʃaːo] 'hi' See Italian phonology Javanese cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك [t͡ʃəɖaʔ] 'near' Kʼicheʼ K'iche' [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] 'Kʼicheʼ'' Contrasts with ejective form Kabardian чэнж/čanž/چەنژ [t͡ʃanʒ]ⓘ 'shallow' Kashubian[7] czësto [t͡ʃəstɔ] 'cleanly' Kurdish hirç/هرچ [hɪɾt͡ʃ] 'bear' Ladino kolcha/קולגﬞה [ˈkolt͡ʃa] 'quilt' Macedonian чека/čeka [t͡ʃɛka] 'wait' See Macedonian phonology Malay Malaysian cuci/چوچي [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] 'to wash' See Malay phonology Indonesian Palatal [c] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology Maltese bliċ [blit͡ʃ] 'bleach' Manx çhiarn [ˈt͡ʃaːrn] 'lord' Marathi चहा/čahá [t͡ʃəhaː] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology Mongolian Khalkha dialect наргиж/nargič
ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ [ˈnargit͡ʃ] 'laugh' Nahuatl āyōtōchtli [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] 'armadillo' Norwegian Some dialects kjøkken [t͡ʃøkːen] 'kitchen' See Norwegian phonology Nunggubuyu[8] jaro [t͡ʃaɾo] 'needle' Occitan chuc [ˈt͡ʃyk] 'juice' See Occitan phonology Odia ଚକ/caka [t͡ʃɔkɔ] 'wheel' Contrasts with aspirated form. Persian چوب/чӯб/çub [t͡ʃʰuːb] 'wood' See Persian phonology Polish Gmina Istebna ciemny [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] 'dark' /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. Lubawa dialect[9] Malbork dialect[9] Ostróda dialect[9] Warmia dialect[9] Portuguese Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects chamar [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] 'to call' Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ]. Most Brazilian dialects[10] presente [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] 'present' Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology Most dialects tchau [ˈt͡ʃaw] 'bye' In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. Punjabi ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol [t͡ʃɔːl] 'rice' Quechua chunka [t͡ʃʊŋka] 'ten' Romani ćiriklo [t͡ʃiriˈklo] 'bird' Contrasts with aspirated form. Romanian cer [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] 'sky' See Romanian phonology Rotuman[11] joni [ˈt͡ʃɔni] 'to flee' Scottish Gaelic slàinte [ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] 'health' Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology Serbo-Croatian Some speakers čokoláda чоколада [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] 'chocolate' In varieties that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. Silesian Gmina Istebna[12] szpańelsko [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] 'Spanish' These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ]. Jablunkov[12] [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] Slovak číslo [t͡ʃiːslo] 'number' See Slovak phonology Slovene koča [ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] 'cottage' Solos tsino [t͡ʃinɔ] 'bone' Spanish[13] chocolate [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞]ⓘ 'chocolate' See Spanish phonology Swahili jicho [ʄit͡ʃo]/جِيچٗ 'eye' Swedish Finland tjugo [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] 'twenty' See Swedish phonology Some rural Swedish dialects kärlek [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] 'love' Tagalog tsuper [t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ] 'driver' See Tagalog phonology Tlingit jinkaat [ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ] 'ten' Turkish çok [t͡ʃok] 'very' See Turkish phonology Tyap cat [t͡ʃad] 'love' Ubykh Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya [t͡ʃəbʒəja] 'pepper' See Ubykh phonology Ukrainian чотири/čotyry [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] 'four' See Ukrainian phonology Uzbek choʻl/çúl/چۉل [t͡ʃɵl] 'desert' Welsh tsips [t͡ʃɪps] 'chips' Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology Yiddish טשאַטשקע/čačke [t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ] 'knick-knack' See Yiddish phonology Zapotec Tilquiapan[15] chane [t͡ʃanɘ]
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate[edit] Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate source · help
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004). "Brazilian Portuguese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
- Blevins, Juliette (1994). "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (2): 491–516. doi:10.2307/3623138. JSTOR 3623138.
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012]. Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9.
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004). Język polski. Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. ISBN 83-7384-063-X.
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995). Dialekty i gwary polskie. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna. ISBN 83-2140989-X.
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009). Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027238146.
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag. ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7.
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 255–259. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 (inactive 2 June 2025).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2025 (link)
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008). "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (1): 107–114. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 (inactive 2 June 2025).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2025 (link)
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). "Italian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 117–121. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
- Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 9781405881180.
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