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Showing content from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive below:

Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sounds

The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the extIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with [t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme /θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
There are three specific variants of [t]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Dental or denti-alveolar[edit] Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Aleut tiistax̂ [t̪iːstaχ] 'dough' Laminal denti-alveolar. Armenian Eastern տուն [t̪un]^ⓘ 'house' Laminal denti-alveolar. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܬܠܬ̱ܐ/ţlo [t̪lɑ] 'three' Bashkir дүрт/dürt [dʏʷrt]^ⓘ 'four' Laminal denti-alveolar Belarusian стагоддзе [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] 'century' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology Basque toki [t̪oki] 'place' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology Bengali তুমি [t̪umi] 'you' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology Catalan terra [ˈt̪ɛrə] 'land' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology Chuvash ут [ut] 'horse' Czech toto [ˈt̪ot̪o] 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar.^[6] See Czech phonology Dinka^[7] mɛth [mɛ̀t̪] 'child' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/. Dutch Belgian taal [t̪aːl̪] 'language' Laminal denti-alveolar. English Dublin thin [t̪ʰɪn] 'thin' Laminal denti-alveolar. In Dublin, it may be [t͡θ] instead. See English phonology. Indian Corresponds to [θ]. Southern Irish Ulster^[10] train [t̪ɹeːn] 'train' Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop. Finnish tutti [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] 'pacifier' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology French tordu [t̪ɔʁd̪y] 'crooked' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology Hakka 他/ta3 [t̪ʰa˧] 'he/she' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form. Hindustani Hindi तीन/tīn [t̪iːn] 'three' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>. See Hindustani phonology Urdu تین/tīn Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>. Hmong White Hmong 𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵 / tub [tu˦] 'son', 'boy' or 'male name' Indonesian tabir [t̪abir] 'curtain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Italian tale [ˈt̪ale] 'such' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology Japanese 特別/tokubetsu [t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ] 'special' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology Kashubian^[17] ptôch [ptɞx] 'bird' Laminal denti-alveolar. Kazakh тұз [t̪us̪] 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar. Kyrgyz туз [t̪us̪] 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar. Latvian tabula [ˈt̪äbulä] 'table' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology Malayalam കാത്ത് [kaːt̪ːɨ̆] 'waiting' Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. Mapudungun füṯa [ˈfɘt̪ɜ] 'husband' Interdental. Marathi तबला [t̪əbˈlaː] 'tabla' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology Nepali ताली [t̪äli] 'clapping' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology Nunggubuyu darag [t̪aɾaɡ] 'whiskers' Laminal denti-alveolar. Odia ତାରା/tara [t̪ärä] 'star' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. Pazeh [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] 'keep clapping' Dental. Polish tom [t̪ɔm]^ⓘ 'volume' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology Portuguese Many dialects montanha [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] 'mountain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology Punjabi ਤੇਲ/تیل [t̪eːl] 'oil' Laminal denti-alveolar. Russian толстый [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] 'fat' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology Scottish Gaelic^[26] taigh [t̪ʰɤj] 'house' Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. Serbo-Croatian^[27] туга/tuga [t̪ǔːgä] 'sorrow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology Sinhala අත [at̪ə] 'hand' Slovene tip [ˈt̪îːp] 'type' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology Slovak toto [ˈt̪ot̪o] 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology Somali matag [mat̪ag] 'vomit' Dentalization of alveolar plosive. Spanish tango [ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞] 'tango' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology Swedish^[30] tåg [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology Telugu తప్పు [t̪apːu] 'wrong' Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms. Turkish at [ät̪] 'horse' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology Ukrainian^[31] брат [brɑt̪] 'brother' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology Uzbek ^{[example needed]} – Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels. Vietnamese tuần [t̪wən˨˩] 'week' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology Zapotec Tilquiapan tant [t̪ant̪] 'so much' Laminal denti-alveolar. Occurrence of [t̠] Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Yele dêê [t̠əː] 'tongue' Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.

Index of phonetics articles

Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
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Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083, archived from the original on 2023-04-21, retrieved 2021-01-23
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2015-06-04
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Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2009), "Hakka Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (107–111): 107, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599
Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", Psychological Review, 74 (6): 431–61, doi:10.1037/h0020279, PMID 4170865
Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2016-02-12
Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109, archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-14, retrieved 2015-05-23
Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
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Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, archived from the original on 2022-04-25, retrieved 2015-11-02
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Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, ISBN 978-951-42-8984-2
Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .

List of languages with [t] on PHOIBLE

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