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Voiced velar nasal - Wikipedia
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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ŋ⟩ in IPA
The voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek ἆγμα âgma 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/ as phonemes, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is extremely common among Australian Aboriginal languages, languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asian and Southeast Asian languages, and Polynesian languages. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, such as the Romance languages, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this phenomenon is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].
An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.
Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.
Features of the voiced velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Albanian ngaqë [ŋɡacə] 'because' Aleut chaang/ча̄ӈ [tʃɑːŋ] 'five' Arabic Hejazi
[citation needed] مــنــقل/mingal [mɪŋɡal] 'brazier' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology Armenian Eastern ընկեր/ënker [əŋˈkɛɾ] 'friend' Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants Assamese ৰং/ŗông [ɹɔŋ] 'color' Asturian non [nõŋ] 'no' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause. Bambara ŋonI [ŋoni] 'guitar' Bashkir мең / meñ [mɪ̞ŋ]ⓘ 'one thousand' Basque hanka [haŋka] 'leg' Bengali রঙ/rông [ɾɔŋ] 'color' Bulgarian[7] тънко/tănko [ˈtɤŋko] 'thin' Burmese ငရုတ် [ŋə joʊʔ] 'chilli' Cantonese 昂/ngòhng [ŋɔːŋ˩] 'raise' See Cantonese phonology Catalan sang [ˈsaŋ(k)] 'blood' See Catalan phonology Cebuano ngano [ˈŋano] 'why' Chamorro ngånga' [ŋɑŋaʔ] 'duck' Chukchi ӈыроӄ/ṇyroq [ŋəɹoq] 'three' Czech tank [taŋk] 'tank' See Czech phonology Dinka ŋa [ŋa] 'who' Danish sang [sɑŋˀ] 'song' See Danish phonology Dutch angst [ɑŋst] 'fear' See Dutch phonology Eastern Min 疑/ngì [ŋi53] 'suspect' English sing [sɪŋ]ⓘ 'sing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology Faroese ong [ɔŋk] 'meadow' Fijian gone [ˈŋone] 'child' Finnish kangas [ˈkɑŋːɑs] 'cloth' Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology French Standard camping [kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)]ⓘ 'camping' Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology Southern France pain [pɛŋ]ⓘ 'bread' For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate. Galician unha [ˈuŋa] 'one' (f.) Gan 牙/nga [ŋa] 'tooth' German lang [laŋ] 'long' See Standard German phonology Georgian ანგარება/angareba [äŋgäɾe̞bä] 'egoism/greed' Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /g/ in colloquial or fast speech. Greek άγχος / anchos ['aŋxo̞s] 'Stress' See Modern Greek phonology Hakka Sixian 我/ngô [ŋai˨˦] 'I' Hebrew Standard אנגלית/anglit [aŋɡˈlit] 'English language' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology Sephardi עין/nayin [ŋaˈjin] 'Ayin' See Sephardi Hebrew Hiligaynon buang [bu'äŋ] 'crazy/mentally unstable' Hindustani Hindi रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg [rəŋg] 'color' See Hindustani phonology Urdu رن٘گ/raṅg Fiji Hindustani Rang Ho maraṅ [maraŋ] 'big' Hungarian ing [iŋɡ] 'shirt' Allophone of /n/ before /g/. See Hungarian phonology Icelandic göng [ˈkœy̯ŋk] 'tunnel' See Icelandic phonology Ilocano ngalngal [ŋalŋal] 'to chew' Inuktitut ᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq [puːŋŋuːq] 'dog' Inuvialuktun qamnguiyuaq [qamŋuijuaq] 'snores' Irish a nglór [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] 'their voice' Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology Italian anche [ˈaŋke] 'also' Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology Itelmen қниң [qniŋ] 'one' Japanese Standard 南極 / nankyoku [naŋkʲokɯ] 'the South Pole' See Japanese phonology Eastern dialects 鍵 / kagi [kaŋi] 'key' Javanese sengak [səŋak] stink Additional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding Jin Yuci 我/ngie [ŋie] 'I' Kagayanen manang [manaŋ] 'older sister' Karelian[14] ongi [ˈoŋɡi] 'fishing rod' Occurs only before /g/, /k/ and /kk/. Karen Eastern Pwo ငယ်ငဝ် [ŋɛ̀ ŋɔ̀] 'enter into a heated argument' Western Pwo ငါငီၩငါစၪ [ŋâ ŋɔ́ ŋâ sà] 'stupid; not very intelligent' Kazakh мың / myń [məŋ] 'thousand' Kyrgyz миң/miñ [miŋ] Ket аяң/ajaņ [ajaŋ] 'to damn' Khasi ngap [ŋap] 'honey' Khmer
See Khmer phonology Korean 성에 / seonge [sʌŋe] 'window frost' See Korean phonology Kurdish Northern ceng [dʒɛŋ] 'war' See Kurdish phonology Central جهنگ/ceng Southern Luganda ŋaaŋa [ŋɑːŋɑ] 'hornbill' Luxembourgish keng [kʰæŋ] 'nobody' See Luxembourgish phonology Macedonian aнглиски/angliski [ˈaŋɡliski] 'English' Occurs as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/.[16] Malay Malaysian and Indonesian bangun [ˈbaŋʊn] 'wake up' Kelantan-Pattani sini [si.niŋ] 'here' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay Terengganu ayam [a.jaŋ] 'chicken' See Terengganu Malay Malayalam മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a [maːŋŋɐ] 'mango' Mandarin Standard 北京/Běijīng [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] 'Beijing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology Sichuanese 我/ngo3 [ŋɔ˨˩] 'I' Marathi रंग/ranga [rəŋə] 'colour' See Marathi phonology Mari еҥ/eng [jeŋ] 'human' Minangkabau mangarasau [mäŋäräsäu̯] 'nonsense' Mongolian тэнгэр / teŋger [teŋger] 'sky' Nepali नङ/nang [nʌŋ] 'nail' See Nepali phonology Nganasan ӈаӈ/ngang [ŋaŋ] 'mouth' Nivkh ңамг/ngamg [ŋamɡ] 'seven' North Frisian Mooring kåchelng [ˈkɔxəlŋ] 'stove' Northern Min 外/ngui [ŋui] 'outside' Northern Sámi Eastern Finnmark maŋis [mɒːŋiːs] 'behind' Western Finnmark máŋga [mɑːŋˑka] 'many' [ŋ] has merged with [ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops. Norwegian gang [ɡɑŋ] 'hallway' See Norwegian phonology Odia ଏବଂ/ebang [ebɔŋ] 'and' Okinawan nkai [ŋkai] 'to' Allophone of [n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects. Ottoman Turkish یڭی/yeŋi 'new' Panjabi Gurmukhi ਰੰਗ/rang [rəŋ] 'color' Shahmukhi رنگ/rang Persian Iranian Persian [ræŋg] Allophone of /n/ before velar plosives. See Persian phonology Pipil nemanha [nemaŋa] 'later' Polish bank [bäŋk] 'bank' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[19][20] See Polish phonology Portuguese manga [ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ] 'mango' Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel. Occitan Provençal vin [viŋ] 'wine' Rapanui hanga [haŋa] 'bay' Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui Romanian Țara Moților Transylvanian câine ['kɨŋi] 'dog' Allophone of /n/ before /k, g, h/ in Standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology Samoan gagana [ŋaˈŋana] 'language' Serbo-Croatian[22] stanka / станка [stâːŋka] 'pause' Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[22] See Serbo-Croatian phonology Seri comcáac [koŋˈkaak] 'Seri people' Shona n'anga [ŋaŋɡa] 'traditional healer' Slovene tank [ˈt̪âːŋk] 'tank' Southern Min Hokkien 黃/n̂g [ŋ̍˨˦] 'yellow' Teochew 黃/ng5 [ŋ̍55] Spanish All dialects domingo [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] 'Sunday' Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, Andean, and most Caribbean dialects alquitrán [alkiˈtɾaŋ] 'tar' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position regardless of what follows. Swahili ng'ombe [ŋombɛ] 'cow' Swedish Standard ingenting [ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ] 'nothing' See Swedish phonology Southern Västerbotten[24] ngiv [ˈŋiːv] 'knife' Tagalog nganga [ŋɐˈŋa] 'opening one's mouth' Tamil இங்கே/in̄gē [iŋgeː] 'here' Telugu వాఙ్మయం [ʋaːŋmajam] 'Literature' Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop Tibetan Standard ང/nga [ŋa˩˧] 'I' Thai งาน/ngaan [ŋaːn] 'work' Nuer - Thok Nath ŋa [ŋa] 'who?' or 'Is who?' Tongan tangata [taŋata] 'man' Tuamotuan rangi / ragi [raŋi] 'sky' Tundra Nenets ӈэва/ŋəwa [ŋæewa] 'head' Tupi monhang [mɔɲaŋ] 'to make' See Tupian Phonology Turkmen müň [myŋ] 'thousand' Tyap nɡɡwon [ŋɡʷən] 'child' Uzbek ming [miŋ] 'thousand' Venetian man [maŋ] 'hand' Vietnamese ngà [ŋaː˨˩] 'ivory' See Vietnamese phonology Welsh rhwng [r̥ʊŋ] 'between' West Frisian kening [ˈkeːnɪŋ] 'king' Wu 五/ng [ŋ˩˧] 'five' Xhosa ing'ang'ane [iŋaŋaːne] 'hadada ibis' Xiang 熬/ngau [ŋau] 'to boil' Yi ꉢ/nga [ŋa˧] 'I' Yup'ik ungungssiq [uŋuŋssiq] 'animal' Zapotec Tilquiapan yan [jaŋ] 'neck' Word-final allophone of lenis /n/
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Jeskanen, Matti; Jahn, Eila (2022). "Karjalan grammari kaikella rahvahalla 1" [Karelian Grammar to Commoners 1] (PDF) (in Karelian and Finnish). Karjalan Kielet ry. University of Eastern Finland. pp. 13, 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
- ^ Friedman, Victor A. (2002). Macedonian. München: Lincom Europa. p. 10.
- ^ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
- ^ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
- ^ Söderström, Sven (1980). Hössjömålet: ordbok över en sydvästerbottnisk dialekt (2. uppl ed.). Umeå: Dialekt- och ortnamnsarkivet. ISBN 978-91-970358-1-1.
- Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (2022), "North Saami", in Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford Guides to the World's Languages, Oxford University Press, pp. 147–177, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010, ISBN 978-0-19-876766-4
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
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{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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