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Voiced palatal lateral approximant - Wikipedia
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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʎ⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩ or a reversed Greek letter lambda ⟨λ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal. None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal. That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0234 ȴ LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL; ⟨ȴ⟩ ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) used especially in Sinological circles.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.
Cased forms of the IPA letter in the
Pilagá
alphabet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Albanian[7] Malsia e Madhe lule [ˈʎuʎɛ] 'flower' Arbëresh Arvanitika Aragonese agulla [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] 'needle' Aromanian ljepuri [ˈʎe̞puri] 'rabbit' Astur-Leonese Asturian llingua [ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝] 'language' Where /ʎ/ is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as che vaqueira, its corresponding sounds are spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. Leonese Mirandese lhéngua [ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ] Aymara llaki [ʎaki] 'sad' Basque bonbilla [bo̞mbiʎa̠] 'bulb' Breton familh [fa̠miʎ] 'family' Bulgarian любов [ʎuˈbof] 'love' Alveolo-palatal. See Bulgarian phonology Catalan Standard llac [ˈʎäk] 'lake' Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology Eastern Aragon clau [ˈkʎäw] 'key' Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters. Chipaya lloqa [ʎoqa] 'bank' See Chipaya languages English Australian million [ˈmɪʎən] 'million' Frequent realization of the sequence /lj/ Canadian (Atlantic and Newfoundland) County Donegal[8] Realization of the sequence /lj/.[8] General American Common realization of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj]. See English phonology Hiberno-English Common realization of the sequence /lj/ New England New York City New Zealand Received Pronunciation South African Southern American Philippine gorilla [goˈɾɪʎɐ] 'gorilla' Common realization of ⟨ll⟩ between vowels due to Spanish influence.[citation needed] Enindhilyagwa angalya [aŋal̠ʲa] 'place' Laminal post-alveolar Faroese telgja [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] 'to carve' Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants. Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥]. See Faroese phonology Franco-Provençal balyi [baʎi] 'give' French Some dialects[11] papillon [papiʎɒ̃] 'butterfly' Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology Galician Standard illado [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] 'insulated' Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays yeístas[12] because of influence from Spanish Greek ήλιος [ˈiʎos]ⓘ 'sun' Postalveolar. See Modern Greek phonology Hungarian Northern dialects lyuk [ʎuk] 'hole' Alveolo-palatal. Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology Irish duille [ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə] 'leaf' Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar /lʲ/. See Irish phonology Italian figlio [ˈfiʎːo]ⓘ 'son' Alveolo-palatal. Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[16] See Italian phonology Ivilyuat Ivil̃uɂat [ʔivɪʎʊʔat] 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') Jaqaru allaka [a'ʎaka] 'pumpkin' See Jaqaru Language Jebero llinllin[17] [ʎinʎin] 'name' See Jebero Language Korean Seoul dialect 천리마 / cheollima [t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠] 'qianlima' /l/ is palatalized to [ʎ] before /i, j/ and before palatal consonant allophones[18] Latvian ļaudis [ʎàwdis] 'people' See Latvian phonology Mapudungun aylla [ˈɐjʎɜ] 'nine' See Mapuche language Norwegian Northern and central dialects[19] alle [ɑʎːe] 'all' See Norwegian phonology Occitan Standard miralhar [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] 'to reflect' See Occitan phonology Paiwan Standard veljevelj [vəʎəvəʎ] 'banana' See Paiwan language Paez silli [siʎi] 'reed' See Paezan languages Portuguese Standard alho [ˈaʎu] 'garlic' Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese. May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels. See Portuguese phonology Many dialects[23] sandália [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] 'sandal' Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. Quechua qallu [qaʎʊ] 'tongue' Romanian Transylvanian dialects lingură [ˈʎinɡurə] 'spoon' Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology Romansh Sursilvan fegl [feʎ] 'son' Sutsilvan Surmiran Puter figl [fiʎ] Vallader Rumantsch Grischun Scottish Gaelic till [tʲʰiːʎ] 'return' Palatal or palatalised apical dental. Can manifest as [j], or among some younger speakers, as [lj]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology Serbo-Croatian[28] љуљaшка / ljuljačka [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä], [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːt͡ʂkä] 'swing (seat)' Palato-alveolar.[28] See Serbo-Croatian phonology Sissano piyl [piʎ] 'fish' Slovak ľúbiť [ˈʎu̞ːbi̞c]ⓘ 'to love' Merges with /l/ in western dialects. See Slovak phonology Spanish[29] Andean (from Argentina to Colombia) caballo [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞] 'horse' Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology. "Caballo" with yeísmo is pronounced [ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞] Castilian, Aragonese and Catalonian outside of large cities Central areas in Extremadura Eastern and southwestern Manchego[citation needed] Murcian Paraguayan[31] Philippine Very few areas in Andalusia Xumi Lower [ʎ̟o˩˥] 'musk deer' Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/. Upper [ʎ̟ɛ˦] 'correct, right'
- ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
- ^ Dedvukaj, Lindon; Ndoci, Rexhina (2023). "Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect". Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). Linguistic Society of America: 7. doi:10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501.
- ^ a b Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
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