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Vizier (Ancient Egypt) - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Highest rank of official in Ancient Egypt

The vizier was the highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh (king) during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.[1] Vizier is the generally accepted rendering of ancient Egyptian tjati, tjaty etc., among Egyptologists.[2] The Instruction of Rekhmire (Installation of the Vizier), a New Kingdom text, defines many of the duties of the tjaty, and lays down codes of behavior. The viziers were often appointed by the pharaoh. During the 4th Dynasty and early 5th Dynasty, viziers were exclusively drawn from the royal family; from the period around the reign of Neferirkare Kakai onwards, they were chosen according to loyalty and talent or inherited the position from their fathers.[3]

Statue of Hemiunu, vizier and designer of Khufu's pyramid, at the Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Germany. His feet rest on columns of hieroglyphs, painted in yellow, red, brown, and black.

The viziers were appointed by the pharaohs. The vizier's paramount duty was to supervise the running of the country, much like a prime minister. At times this included small details such as sampling the city's water supply.[4] All other lesser supervisors and officials, such as tax collectors and scribes, reported to the vizier. The judiciary was part of the civil administration, and the vizier also sat in the High Court. At any time, the pharaoh could exert his own control over any aspect of government, overriding the vizier's decisions. The vizier also supervised the security of the pharaoh and the palace by overseeing the comings and goings of palace visitors.[5] The viziers often acted as the pharaoh's seal bearer as well, and the vizier would record trade.[6] From the Fifth Dynasty onwards, viziers, who by then were the highest civilian bureaucratic official, held supreme responsibility for the administration of the palace and government, including jurisdiction, scribes, state archives, central granaries, treasury, storage of surplus products and their redistribution, and supervision of building projects such as the royal pyramid.[5] In the New Kingdom, there was a vizier for Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt each.[7]

Installation of the Vizier[edit]

According to the Installation of the Vizier, a New Kingdom document describing the office of the vizier, there were certain traits and behaviors that were required to be a vizier:

Early Dynastic period[edit] Viziers of the Early Dynastic period Vizier King Dynasty Comments Rekhit Narmer 1st Dynasty Retired to look after the estates of Neithhotep in their older years Saiset Hor-Aha 1st Dynasty Served as administrator of the Memphite region Amka Djer, Djet and Merneith's regency 1st Dynasty Served as administrator of Her-sekhenti-dju. Retired as overseer of Royal Estates in the Delta. Sewadjka Djet and Den 1st Dynasty Retired as overseer of Her-sekhenti-dju, one of the most prestigious offices of the 1st Dynasty Hemaka Den 1st Dynasty Served as royal sealbearer and chancellor. First non-royal to hold such a position. First dual chancellor over Her-sekhenti-dju and Her-tepi-khet. Henu-Ka Semerkhet and Qa'a 1st Dynasty Served both Pharaohs and supported Qa'a in his early reign Menka Ninetjer? 2nd Dynasty Earliest known holder of the simplified direct title known as 'Tjaty,' during an era of an overly complex state administration Viziers of the Old Kingdom Vizier King Dynasty Comments Kagemni I Sneferu 4th Dynasty Purported author of the Instructions of Kagemni. Not attested in contemporary sources. Nefermaat I Khufu 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu and father of Hemiunu Hemiunu Khufu 4th Dynasty Nefermaat's son, believed to have designed Khufu's pyramid Kawab Khufu 4th Dynasty Eldest son and vizier of Khufu Ankhhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu Nefermaat II Khafre 4th Dynasty Nephew of Nefermaat the Elder, a son of Nefertkau I; a grandson of Sneferu Minkhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu, vizier under Khafre Khufukhaef Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu, vizier under Khafre Nikaure Likely Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Ankhmare Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Duaenre Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre, vizier during the late 4th dynasty Nebemakhet Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Queen Meresankh III Iunmin I Possibly Menkaure 4th Dynasty Possibly son of Khafre, vizier during the late 4th dynasty Babaef II Shepseskaf 4th Dynasty Likely a grandson of Khafre Kanefer 4th or 5th Dynasty Possibly Seshathotep Possibly Userkaf 5th Dynasty It is not certain if Seshathetep held the titles of a vizier Sekhemkare Userkaf and Sahure 5th Dynasty Son of Khafre and queen Hekenuhedjet Werbauba Sahure 5th Dynasty Washptah Neferirkare Kakai 5th Dynasty Minnefer Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahshepses Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Became the son-in-law of Nyuserre Ini some time after his ascension to the throne. Seshemnefer (III) Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Kay Possibly Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Pehenuikai Possibly Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Desher Menkauhor and/or Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Rashepses Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Likely Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep I Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Purported author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep Akhethotep Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Son of Ptahhotep I Senedjemib Inti Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Senedjemib Mehi Djedkare Isesi and Unas 5th Dynasty possible son-in-law of Unas (or Djedkare Isesi), vizier during the early 6th dynasty Ptahhotep II Unas 5th Dynasty Akhethetep Hemi Unas 5th Dynasty Ihy Unas 5th Dynasty Niankhba Unas 5th Dynasty Sekhem-ankh-Ptah 5th or 6th Dynasty Dating uncertain, may have been the son-in-law of a king Nefersheshemre Teti 6th Dynasty Kagemni Teti 6th Dynasty son-in-law of Teti Mereruka Teti 6th Dynasty son-in-law of Teti Khentika Teti 6th Dynasty Mehu Teti or Pepi I 6th Dynasty Ankhmahor Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Merefnebef Possibly Userkare 6th Dynasty Merefnebef was also named Fefi and Unasankh Heri Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty May have participated in the assassination of Teti Meryteti Pepi I 6th Dynasty grandson of Teti, son of Mereruka Iunmin II Pepi I 6th Dynasty Nebet Pepi I 6th Dynasty First woman appointed vizier, mother-in-law of Pepi I Inenek-Inti Pepi I 6th Dynasty Consort of Pepi I Tjetju Pepi I 6th Dynasty Qar Pepi I 6th Dynasty Djau Pepi I 6th Dynasty brother-in-law of Pepi I, son of Nebet Rawer Pepi I 6th Dynasty Weni Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 6th Dynasty Likely the same person as vizier Neferwenmeryre Teti Pepi II 6th Dynasty Hemre, Isi 6th or 8th Dynasty Pepyankh 6th or 8th Dynasty Pepy-ankh 6th or 8th Dynasty Shemay Neferkaure and Neferkauhor 8th Dynasty son-in-law of Neferkauhor, nomarch of Coptos, later vizier Idy Possibly Neferirkare 8th Dynasty son of Shemay Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period[edit] Viziers of the New Kingdom Vizier of the South (Thebes) Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Tetinefer Ahmose I? 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North (Memphis) Imhotep Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Aakheperreseneb Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amethu called Ahmose Thutmose II, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Useramen Hatshepsut, Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferweben Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Likely Vizier of the North Rekhmire Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenemipet called Pairy Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Seny Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hepu Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Thutmose Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ptahmose Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenhotep-Huy Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Aperel Amenhotep III, Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ramose Amenhotep III, Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nakhtpaaten Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pentu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Usermontu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Ay Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South, later succeeded Tutankhamen on the throne as Ay Paramessu Horemheb 18th Dynasty Later succeeded Horemheb on the throne as Ramesses I, first Pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty Seti some time before Ramesses I 18th Dynasty His title appears on monuments of his son Ramesses I[12] Nebamun Horemheb, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II 18th Dynasty, 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North Paser (Vizier) Seti I, Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nehi Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khay Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, ca. Year 27-45 Thutmose Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, ca. Year 45–50. Prehotep I Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 40. Prehotep II Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 50. Neferronpet Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South in ca year 50 Panehesy Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pensekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Year 8 Merysekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North, Year 3? Amenmose Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khaemtir Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Paraemheb Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hori II Seti II, Siptah, Twosret, Sethnakht and Ramesses III 19th Dynasty Iuty 20th Dynasty Vizier of the North? Nehi? Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Hewernef Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South To Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferronpe Ramesses IV to Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier Nehy Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier, son of Neferronpe Mentehetef (Montu-hir-hetef) Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Wennefer Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nebmarenakht also called Saht(a)-nefer Ramesses IX, Ramesses X and Ramesses XI 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khaemwaset Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nebmarenakht (again) Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Herihor Ramesses XI 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Third Intermediate Period[edit] Viziers of the South[13] Vizier Pharaoh Year Dynasty Comments Herihor Smendes I c. 1075 BC 21st Dynasty Pinedjem I Smendes I c. 1070 BC 21st Dynasty Amenhirpamesha Psusennes I c. 1040 BC 21st Dynasty Neseramun (A) Siamun c. 960 BC 21st Dynasty Son of Nebneteru (ii) a Letter Writer to the Pharaoh Padimut (A) Shoshenq I c. 930 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Vizier of the South Ia-o Osorkon I c. 900 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Rudpamut Takelot I c. 880 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Hor(y) Takelot I c. 876 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Hori Takelot II c. 845 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Iutjek? Nespakheshuty A Takelot II c. 835 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Harsiese D Shoshenq III c. 825 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Hor (viii) Shoshenq III c. 820 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Pentyefankh Pedubast I c. 815 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Harsiese E Shoshenq III / Shoshenq IV c. 790 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Djedkhonsefankh E Shoshenq III / Osorkon III c. 780 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Nakhtefmut C Shoshenq III / Osorkon III c. 775 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Hor x Osorkon III c. 770 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Nakhtefmut C Pamiu Osorkon III c. 765 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Vizier of the South Pakharu Takelot III c. 760 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Pamiu Ankh-Osorkon Rudamun c. 755 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Pediamonet Iuput II c. 750 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Pamiu Harsiese F Iuput II c. 745 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Nesmin A Iuput II c. 740 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Harsiese F Ankh-hor Iuput II c. 730 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Nespakheshuty B Iuput II c. 725 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Pediese Iuput II c. 720 BC 22nd-23rd Dynasty Son of Harsiese F? Khamhor A ? 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Son of Harsiese F Harsiese G Pahrer ? 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Son of Khamhor A Nesmin B ? 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Son of Khamhor A Mentuhotep ? 25th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nespaqashuty C Shebitku 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South Harsiese R ? 25th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nespamedu Taharqa 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Son of Nespaqashuty C Nespaqashuty D ? 25th-26th Dynasty Vizier of the South, buried in TT312, Son of Nespademu Djedkare ? 25th-26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Viziers of the Late Period[14] Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Sasobek Psamtik I 25th-26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nasekheperensekhmet Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Bakenrenef Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ankhwennefer Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Iry 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South Djedwebasettiuefankh 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South Iufaa Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North, father of Gemenefhorbak Gemenefhorbak Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Harsomtusemhat 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Psamtek-Meryneit Amasis II 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Pasherientaihet Amasis II 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Horsiese 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Psamtikseneb Nectanebo II 30th Dynasty
  1. ^ Shaw, Ian (2002). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-19-280293-4.
  2. ^ Gardiner, Alan Henderson (1957). Egyptian Grammar; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs (3rd ed.). Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum. p. 43. ISBN 0 900416 351.
  3. ^ M. Heimlich, “Ancient Egyptian Literature”, vol.2, pp.21ff.[date missing]
  4. ^ Goddard, J (2012). Public Health Entomology. Starkville: CRC Press.
  5. ^ a b c Ancient Egyptian administration. Moreno Garcia, Juan Carlos. Leiden, The Netherlands. 2013. ISBN 9789004249523. OCLC 849248179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ [1] Archived September 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Jane Bingham, Fiona Chandler, Jane Chisholm, Gill Harvey, Lisa Miles,Struan Reid, and Sam Taplin "The Usborne Internet-Linked Encyclopedia of the Ancient World" page 80 [clarification needed][date missing]
  8. ^ W. Grajetzki: Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, London 2009, ISBN 978-0-7156-3745-6, p. 169
  9. ^ a b c Grajetzki: Court Officials, 169
  10. ^ a b Grajetzki: Court Officials, 170
  11. ^ a b c d e Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." Museum Tuscolanum Press, 1997. p.192 (ISBN 87-7289-421-0)
  12. ^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p.174
  13. ^ Kitchen, Kenneth A. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C. (Book & Supplement) Aris & Phillips. 1986 , Table 15, pg 483
  14. ^ "Viziers by Anneke Bart". Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
  15. ^ Berenice did have titles of "female Horus" and "female Pharaoh", but was not included in dating protocols as co-ruler to her husband. See, Sewell-Lasater, Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, pp. 187-189. However she is considered Pharaoh by Sally Ann Ashton, see Ashton, Sally Ann, The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House, Routledge 2014, pp. 112-113.
  16. ^ Sewell-Lasater, Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, p. 456.
  17. ^ While Cleopatra did have titles like "female Horus" and "female Pharaoh", she was not included in dating protocols as co-Pharaoh during her husband's reign, see Sewell-Lasater, Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, pp. 245-246. However she is considered Pharaoh by Sally Ann Ashton, see Ashton, Sally Ann, The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House, Routledge 2014, pp. 112-113.
  18. ^ She is ambiguously classified as both "regent and co-ruler"; see Sewell-Lasater Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, p. 246.
  19. ^ Sewell-Lasater, Tara, Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to the Female Rule, University of Houston, 2020, p. 456.

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