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Kipchak Turkic language
Urum (Урум, Ουρούμ) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[3] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.
Name and etymology[edit]The name Urum is derived from Rûm 'Rome', the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prothetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[4][5]
Urum is a Turkic language belonging to the West Kipchak branch of the family. Johanson (2021) classifies it as a variety of Crimean Tatar.[6]
/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[7][8]
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[9] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. In 2000, Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[10]
А а Б б В в Г г Ғ ғ Д д (Δ δ) Д′ д′ (Ђ ђ) Е е Ж ж Җ җ З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н Ң ң О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р С с Т т Т′ т′ (Ћ ћ) У у Ӱ ӱ Υ υ Ф ф Х х Һ һ Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Θ θIn an Urum primer issued in Kyiv in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested:[11]
А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Д д Д' д' Дж дж Е е З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р С с Т т Т' т' У у Ӱ ӱ Ф ф Х х Ч ч Ш ш Ы ы Э эVery little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[12] and a small description of the language.[13] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[14] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[15] and a text corpus.[16] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[17]
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