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Elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity
Map of Namibia showing the Caprivi Strip in the country's northeast.A salient, panhandle, or bootheel is an elongated protrusion of a geopolitical entity, such as a subnational entity or a sovereign state.
While similar to a peninsula in shape, a salient is most often not surrounded by water on three sides. Instead, it has a land border on at least two sides and extends from the larger geographical body of the administrative unit.
In American English, the term panhandle is often used to describe a relatively long and narrow salient, such as the westernmost extensions of Florida and Oklahoma, or the northernmost portion of Idaho. Another term is bootheel, used for the Missouri Bootheel and New Mexico Bootheel areas.
The term salient is derived from military salients. The term "panhandle" derives from the analogous part of a cooking pan, and its use is generally confined to North America.
The salient shape can be the result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, which serve to separate culturally unified peoples.[1] These occurred, for instance, during European colonialisation when colonial powers competed for Africa and the Western Hemisphere, after which post-colonial borders became based on colonial divisions.[2] In many cases these salients correspond to routes of expansion or bases for such expansion, as in Namibia and Mozambique.[3] Other modern salients originally served to provide barriers against other colonial powers, as with Britain against Tsarist Russia in Central Asia.[1]
Salients may also arise when a national government shifts territory between subnational entities for internal political reasons, as with West Virginia's eastern panhandle during the Civil War.[4] This also occurred with peripheral Tibetan-inhabited regions in Maoist China, which were split between provinces and from the Tibet Autonomous Region.[5]
The location of administrative borders can also take into account other considerations such as economic ties,[6] strategic needs,[7] history or topography. Even in these situations, however, salients frequently fail to follow clear and logical criteria, as seen with the partition of India and the resultant northeastern salient. Upon partition numerous majority-Muslim areas remained within Hindu India, and some non-Muslim-majority areas within the exclave of East Pakistan.[8]
Country-level salients[edit] Far North Province of Cameroon A map of the Congo Pedicle Chittagong Division, Bangladesh Map of India showing the Seven Sister states in the northeast plus the smaller salient of Sikkim immediately to their west. The 14 provinces of Thailand forming the salient of Southern Thailand. County Donegal within Ireland, in darker green Limburg shown within the Netherlands Misiones Province within Argentina Subnational salients[edit]The following locations are salients in First-level administrative subdivisions of nations.
Location of Niari Department within the Republic of the Congo. The southeastern arm is the Kimongo District. Location of the Fatick Region within Senegal. Gossas Department is the northeastern arm. Salient Country Tafraoui and Oran Province Algeria Southwestern Saïda Province Northeastern Bié Province Angola Western Mono Department Benin Eastern Kgalagadi District Botswana Balé Province and Boucle du Mouhoun Region Burkina Faso Kouritenga Province, Centre-Est Region Northwest Bujumbura Rural Province Burundi Northern Muyinga Province Kimongo District, Niari Department Republic of the Congo Northwestern Wele-Nzas Province Equatorial Guinea Sitti Zone, Somali Region Ethiopia Haut-Komo Department, Woleu-Ntem Province Gabon Upper Denkyira West District, Central Region Ghana Télimélé Prefecture, Kindia Region Guinea Northeast Mamou Prefecture, Mamou Region Western Isiolo County Kenya Eastern Al Wahat District Libya Southern Mzimba District, Northern Region Malawi Eastern Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region Mauritania Boumdeid Department, Assaba Region Southeastern Tete Province Mozambique Gossas Department, Fatick Region Senegal Southern Uvinza District, Kigoma Region Tanzania Babati, Hanang, Mbulu Districts, Manyara Region Gokwe North and Gokwe South Districts, Midlands Province Zimbabwe Guayas Province, Ecuador. Balzar and El Empalme Cantons form the northern arm of the province. Venezuela's Barinas State. Andrés Eloy Blanco is the small western extension of the state, Arismendi is the larger eastern extremity. Páez, in Apure, lies immediately to the south of western Barinas. Salient Country Southern Buenos Aires Province Argentina Luis Calvo, Chuquisaca Department Bolivia Sud Cinti, Chuquisaca Department Whale Coast, Bahia Brazil Alto Parnaíba, Balsas, and Tasso Fragoso, southernmost Maranhão Northern Mato Grosso Ponta do Abunã in northwest Rondônia Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais Arauco Province, Bío Bío Region Chile San Antonio Province, Valparaíso Region Urabá region, Antioquia Department Colombia Unguía and Acandí in northernmost Chocó Department Santander Department northern tip Santa Rosa and Piamonte in southeastern Cauca Department Cotacachi Canton, Imbabura Province Ecuador Western Cumandá Canton Eastern Tena Canton, Napo Province Balzar and El Empalme Cantons, Guayas Province Northern East Berbice-Corentyne Guyana Caravelí Province, Arequipa Region Peru Northern Tapanahony, Sipaliwini District Suriname Páez, Apure Venezuela Western Andrés Eloy Blanco Municipality, Barinas Arismendi Municipality, Barinas Guajira Municipality, Zulia North and Central America[edit] Locations of panhandles within states of the USA Location of Nabatieh District within Nabatieh Governorate, Lebanon. Map of Gorno-Badakhshan within Tajikistan, showing the panhandle of Darvoz District in the west. South Sulawesi in Indonesia, with a panhandle of East Luwu Regency in the east Salient Country Wakhan District, Badakhshan Province Afghanistan Nawa District, Ghazni Province Chishti Sharif District, Herat Province Eastern Sarpang District Bhutan Tianchang, Anhui China Maqu County, Gansu Fan County and Taiqian County, Henan Pingliang and Qingyang, Gansu Daxing'anling Prefecture, Heilongjiang Zhaotong, Yunnan Koraput and Malkangiri districts, Odisha India Pathankot district, Punjab Kota division, Rajasthan Southern Jhansi division, Uttar Pradesh Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Indonesia Pacitan Regency, East Java Mahakam Ulu Regency, East Kalimantan South Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region, and Depok, West Java Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra Semirom County, Isfahan Province Iran Southwest Razavi Khorasan Province Southern Yazd Province Noda, Chiba Japan Nose, Osaka Ōra District, Gunma Reinan [ja](Wakasa), Fukui Wadi Araba Department, Aqaba Governorate Jordan Russeifa Department, Zarqa Governorate Southwest Panfilov District, Chuy Region Kyrgyzstan Chong-Alay District, Osh Region Nabatieh District, Nabatieh Governorate Lebanon Bandar Baharu District, Kedah, Malaysia Northeast of Kuantan District, Eastern Pahang South of Kemaman District, Terengganu Gangaw Township, Magway Region Myanmar Thabeikkyin District, Mandalay Region Eastern Achham District, Far-Western Region Nepal Western Surkhet District, Mid-Western Region Bannu, Karak, and Kohat Divisions, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Tiwi, Albay Philippines Northernmost portion of barangay San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal[9] Northwestern Cagayan Libis/Reparo, Santa Quiteria and Talipapa of southern Caloocan Carmona, Cavite Northeastern Ilocos Sur (roughly corresponding to its 1st district), Barangays Casile and Pittland, Cabuyao, Laguna Santa Maria, Laguna Las Piñas (Almanza Dos) Eastern Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines (municipalities east of Sultan sa Barongis) Carranglan, Nueva Ecija Alfonso Castañeda, southern Dupax del Norte and Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya Eastern Sultan Kudarat (roughly corresponding to its 1st district, excluding Isulan) Zakamensky, Tunkinsky and Okinsky Districts, Buryatia Russia Katangsky District, Irkutsk Oblast Kirensky, Mamsko-Chuysky and Bodaybinsky Districts, Irkutsk Oblast Bikinsky District, Khabarovsk Krai Trincomalee District, Eastern Province Sri Lanka Al-Suqaylabiyah District, Hama Governorate Syria Chenggong and Changbin townships, Taitung County Taiwan Darvoz District, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Tajikistan Kim Sơn District, Ninh Bình Province Vietnam Nghi Xuân District, Hà Tĩnh Province Western Dhamar Governorate Yemen Location of Viken, Norway. The municipalities of Jevnaker and Lunner connect the former counties of Akershus and Buskerud Location of Newmarket (shown as red dot) within Suffolk, England Location of Manche within Normandy, France Salient Country Southern Gmunden, Upper Austria Austria Pancharevo, Sofia City Province Bulgaria Kuhmoinen, Pirkanmaa Finland Parikkala, South Karelia Pudasjärvi-Taivalkoski-Kuusamo, North Ostrobothnia Ruokolahti, South Karelia Varkaus, Pohjois-Savo Gironde, (panhandle is around the Gironde estuary) France Drôme (Montfroc) Hauts-de-Seine Meurthe-et-Moselle Manche Lower Franconia, Bavaria Germany Amt Neuhaus, District of Lüneburg, Lower Saxony Osnabrück District and City, Lower Saxony Altenburger Land, Thuringia Southeastern Mureș County Romania Southeastern Győr-Moson-Sopron County Hungary Northern Pest County Clonlisk, County Offaly Ireland Tullyhaw, County Cavan Province of Rieti, Lazio Italy Raseiniai District Municipality, Kaunas County Lithuania Dieveniškės, Vilnius County Rivierenland, Gelderland Netherlands Steenwijkerland, Overijssel Viken Norway Wschowa County, Lubusz Voivodeship Poland Mourão, Évora District Portugal Mozdoksky District, North Ossetia–Alania Russia Priyutnensky, Yashaltinsky, and Gorodovikovsky Districts, Kalmykia Western Chelyabinsk Oblast[c] Oparinsky, Podosinovsky, and Luzsky Districts, Kirov Oblast Vorkuta District, Komi Republic Negueira de Muñiz, Galicia (Spain) Spain Aranjuez, Madrid (Spain) A Mezquita, Galicia Diessenhofen, Schlatt bei Diessenhofen, and Basadingen-Schlattingen, Frauenfeld District, Thurgau Switzerland Monthey District, Valais Buckfastleigh, Teignbridge United Kingdom Ceiriog Valley, Wrexham County Borough, Wales English Maelor, Wrexham County Borough, Wales Western New Forest District, Hampshire Newmarket, Suffolk North Cornwall, Cornwall Stamford, Lincolnshire South Staffordshire, Staffordshire The area around Tring, Hertfordshire, which is itself bounded on one side by a salient of Buckinghamshire in the area around Pitstone, Ivinghoe and Dagnall Ljig, Kolubara District Serbia Ljubovija, Mačva District Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Petrovo, Republika Srpska Ravno, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton Location of Anetan District within Nauru Location of Timaru District within New Zealand's South Island. 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