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Portal:Record production - Wikipedia

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Wikipedia portal for content related to record production

This portal is focused on music production within the era of written records through sound recordings, digital downloads, and beyond. Its scope includes articles that document the considerations and mechanisms used by, and consistent with, the purview of the production element. As an art form, music predates transcription and simultaneously transcends descriptive limitations. As an industry, music has demonstrated consistent viability over time. The record producer conjoins these potential, and serves as a broker to bridge the demand (spawned by their aspirations) with supply and satisfaction. The results are measurable and attributable, derived from effort and skillful application of craft, to a manifestation of the art in its melodic form. (Read more)

The music industry consists of the individuals and organizations that earn money by writing songs and musical compositions, creating and selling recorded music and sheet music, presenting concerts, as well as the organizations that aid, train, represent and supply music creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who write songs and musical compositions; the singers, musicians, conductors, and bandleaders who perform the music; the record labels, music publishers, recording studios, music producers, audio engineers, retail and digital music stores, and performance rights organizations who create and sell recorded music and sheet music; and the booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew, and audio engineers who help organize and sell concerts. (Read more)

• Image 1 The Final Cut

  is the twelfth studio album by the English rock band

  Pink Floyd

  , released on 21 March 1983 through

  Harvest

  and

  Columbia Records

  . It comprises unused material from the band's previous studio album,

  The Wall

  (1979), alongside new material recorded throughout 1982.

  The Final Cut is the last Pink Floyd album to feature founding member Roger Waters, who went on to leave the band in 1985. It is the only Pink Floyd album without founding member and keyboardist Richard Wright, who had left the band under pressure from Waters after the Wall sessions. The recording was plagued by conflict; guitarist David Gilmour felt many of the tracks were not worthy of inclusion, but Waters accused him of failing to contribute material himself. The contributions from drummer Nick Mason were limited mostly to sound effects. (Full article...)

• Image 3 Tōru Takemitsu (武満 徹; pronounced [takeꜜmitsɯ̥ toːɾɯ]; 8 October 1930 – 20 February 1996)

  was a Japanese

  composer

  and writer on

  aesthetics

  and

  music theory

  . Largely self-taught, Takemitsu was admired for the subtle manipulation of instrumental and orchestral

  timbre

  . He is known for combining elements of oriental and occidental philosophy and for fusing sound with silence and tradition with innovation.

  He composed several hundred independent works of music, scored more than ninety films and published twenty books. He was also a founding member of the Jikken Kōbō (Experimental Workshop) in Japan, a group of avant-garde artists who distanced themselves from academia and whose collaborative work is often regarded among the most influential of the 20th century. (Full article...)

• Image 4 Thriller

  is the sixth

  studio album

  by the American singer and songwriter

  Michael Jackson

  , released on November 29, 1982, by

  Epic Records

  . It was produced by

  Quincy Jones

  , who previously worked with Jackson on his album

  Off the Wall

  (1979). With the ongoing backlash against

  disco music

  at the time, he moved in a new musical direction, resulting in a mix of

  pop

  ,

  post-disco

  ,

  rock

  ,

  funk

  ,

  synth-pop

  , and

  R&B

  sounds, and darker themes; Jackson wanted to create an album where "every song was a killer".

  Paul McCartney

  appears as the first credited featured artist on a Jackson album. Recording took place from April to November 1982 at

  Westlake Recording Studios

  in Los Angeles, California, with a budget of $750,000.

  Upon its release, Thriller was lauded by critics. It was Jackson's first number-one album on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart, where it spent a record 37 non-consecutive weeks at number one, from February 26, 1983, to April 14, 1984. Seven singles were released: "The Girl Is Mine", "Billie Jean", "Beat It", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", "Human Nature", "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)", and "Thriller". They all reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, setting a record for the most top 10 singles from an album, with "Beat It" and "Billie Jean" reaching number one. Following Jackson's performance of "Billie Jean" in the Motown 25 television special, where he debuted his signature moonwalk dance, the album began selling one million copies per week. Sales doubled after the release of the "Thriller" music video on MTV in December 1983. (Full article...)

• Image 5 OK Computer

  is the third studio album by the English

  rock

  band

  Radiohead

  , released on 21 May 1997. With their producer,

  Nigel Godrich

  , Radiohead recorded most of

  OK Computer

  in their rehearsal space in

  Oxfordshire

  and the historic mansion of

  St Catherine's Court

  in

  Bath

  in 1996 and early 1997. They distanced themselves from the guitar-centred, lyrically introspective style of their previous album,

  The Bends

  .

  OK Computer'

  s abstract lyrics, densely layered sound and eclectic influences laid the groundwork for Radiohead's later, more

  experimental

  work.

  The lyrics depict a dystopian world fraught with rampant consumerism, capitalism, social alienation, and political malaise, with themes such as transport, technology, insanity, death, modern British life, globalisation and anti-capitalism. In this capacity, OK Computer is said to have prescient insight into the mood of 21st-century life. The band used unconventional production techniques, including natural reverberation, and no audio separation. Strings were recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London. Most of the album was recorded live. (Full article...)

• Image 6 A Momentary Lapse of Reason

  is the thirteenth studio album by the English

  progressive rock

  band

  Pink Floyd

  , released in the UK on 7 September 1987 by

  EMI

  and the following day in the US by

  Columbia Records

  . It was recorded primarily on the converted houseboat

  Astoria

  , belonging to the guitarist,

  David Gilmour

  .

  A Momentary Lapse of Reason was the first Pink Floyd album recorded without the founding member Roger Waters, who departed in 1985. The production was marred by legal fights with Waters over the rights to the Pink Floyd name, which were not resolved until several months after release. It also saw the return of the keyboardist and founding member Richard Wright, who was fired by Waters during the recording of The Wall (1979). Wright returned as a session player. (Full article...)

• Image 7
  
  Janet Damita Jo Jackson

  (born May 16, 1966) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and dancer. She is noted for her innovative, socially conscious and sexually provocative records, as well as elaborate stage shows. Her sound and choreography became a catalyst in the growth of

  MTV

  , enabling her to rise to prominence while breaking

  gender

  and

  racial

  barriers in the process. Lyrical content that focused on social issues and lived experiences set her reputation as a role model for youth.

  The tenth and youngest child of the Jackson family, Jackson began her career as a child actress, with roles in the television series Good Times (1977–1979), Diff'rent Strokes (1980–1984), and Fame (1984–1985). She signed a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982 and became a pop icon following the releases of the albums Control (1986) and Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989). Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated a variety of music genres, which led to crossover success in popular music and influenced the development of the new jack swing fusion genre. In the 1990s, Jackson became one of the highest-paid artists in the industry, signing two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records. She established her image as a sex symbol with a leading role in the film Poetic Justice (1993), and the albums Janet (1993) and The Velvet Rope (1997). Billboard named her the second most successful artist of the decade in the United States. (Full article...)

• Image 8 1989

  is the fifth studio album by the American singer-songwriter

  Taylor Swift

  . It was released on October 27, 2014, by

  Big Machine Records

  . Titled after Swift's birth year as a symbolic rebirth, the album recalibrated her artistic identity from

  country music

  to

  pop

  .

  Swift produced 1989 with Max Martin, Shellback, Jack Antonoff, Ryan Tedder, Nathan Chapman, and Imogen Heap. Its 1980s-inspired synth-pop production incorporates dense synthesizers, programmed drum machines, and processed electronic backing vocals, abandoning the acoustic arrangements that had characterized Swift's past albums. The songs chronicle the aftermath of a failed relationship with lyrics that expand on Swift's autobiographical details; they depict heartbreak, recovery, and self-discovery from lighthearted, wistful, and nostalgic perspectives. (Full article...)

• Image 9
  

  Gaetano Donizetti, 1842 portrait

  
  L'Ange de Nisida

  (

  The Angel of Nisida

  ) is an

  opera semiseria

  in four acts by Italian composer

  Gaetano Donizetti

  , from a French-language

  libretto

  by

  Alphonse Royer

  and

  Gustave Vaëz

  .

  Parts of the libretto are considered analogous with the libretto for Giovanni Pacini's Adelaide e Comingio, and the final scene is based on the François-Thomas-Marie de Baculard d'Arnaud play Les Amants malheureux, ou le comte de Comminges. Donizetti worked on the opera in late 1839—its final page is dated 27 December 1839. Because the subject matter involved the mistress of a Neapolitan king, and may thus have caused difficulties with the Italian censors, Donizetti decided that the opera should be presented in France. The theater company Donizetti contracted went bankrupt; the opera was reworked as La favorite in September 1840. L'Ange finally received its premiere in its original form in 2018 in a concert performance at London's Royal Opera House. (Full article...)

• Image 10

  "

  Hey Baby

  " is a song by American

  rock

  band

  No Doubt

  from their fifth studio

  album Rock Steady

  (2001). Written by band members

  Gwen Stefani

  ,

  Tony Kanal

  and

  Tom Dumont

  , "Hey Baby" was released as the album's

  lead single

  on October 29, 2001, by

  Interscope Records

  . "Hey Baby" is heavily influenced by the Jamaican

  dancehall

  music present at No Doubt's post-show parties and tour bus lounges of their

  Return of Saturn

  tour. Its lyrics describe the

  debauchery

  with

  groupies

  at these parties.

  "Hey Baby" received generally positive reviews from music critics, although its dancehall influences had a mixed reception. An accompanying music video features scenes that mimic the parties No Doubt attending while recording the parent album in Jamaica. "Hey Baby" was commercially successful, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also reached the top-ten in several other countries, including Australia, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. At the 45th Grammy Awards, No Doubt won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. (Full article...)

• Image 11 Branded to Kill (Japanese: 殺しの烙印, Hepburn: Koroshi no Rakuin)

  is a 1967 Japanese

  black comedy yakuza film

  directed by

  Seijun Suzuki

  and starring

  Joe Shishido

  ,

  Koji Nanbara

  ,

  Annu Mari

  and Mariko Ogawa. The story follows contract killer Goro Hanada as he is recruited by a mysterious woman named Misako for a seemingly impossible mission. When the mission fails, he is hunted by the phantom Number One Killer, whose methods threaten his life and sanity.

  Branded to Kill was designated by its production company and distributor, Nikkatsu, as a low-budget B movie. Dissatisfied with the original script, the studio called in Suzuki to rewrite and direct the film shortly prior to the start of production. Suzuki came up with many of his ideas for the project the night before or on the set while filming, and welcomed ideas from his colleagues; the screenplay is credited to Hachiro Guryu, a writing collective that consisted of Suzuki and seven other writers, including his frequent collaborators Takeo Kimura and Atsushi Yamatoya. Suzuki gave the film a satirical, anarchic and visually eclectic bent, which the studio had previously warned him away from. The brief turnaround Suzuki was given to make Branded to Kill meant that post-production on the film was completed only a day before its pre-scheduled release on June 15, 1967. (Full article...)

• Image 12 Low

  is the eleventh studio album by the English musician

  David Bowie

  , released on 14 January 1977 through

  RCA Records

  . The first of three collaborations with the producer

  Tony Visconti

  and the musician

  Brian Eno

  that became known as the

  Berlin Trilogy

  , the project originated following Bowie's move to France in 1976 with his friend

  Iggy Pop

  to rid themselves of their drug addictions. There, Bowie produced and co-wrote Pop's debut solo studio album,

  The Idiot

  , featuring sounds the former would explore on his next record. After completing

  The Idiot

  , sessions for

  Low

  began at

  Hérouville

  's

  Château d'Hérouville

  in September 1976 and ended in October at

  Hansa Studios

  in

  West Berlin

  , where Bowie and Pop had relocated.

  An art rock record influenced by German bands such as Tangerine Dream, Neu!, Harmonia and Kraftwerk, Low features Bowie's first explorations in electronic and ambient styles. Side one consists primarily of short, direct avant-pop song-fragments, with mostly downbeat lyrics reflecting Bowie's state of mind, and side two comprises longer, mostly instrumental tracks, conveying musical observations of Berlin. Visconti created the distinctive drum sound using an Eventide H910 Harmonizer, a pitch-shifting device. The cover artwork, a profile of Bowie from the film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), was intended as a visual pun, meaning "low profile". (Full article...)

• ... that one critic interpreted a SZA song as being about her fears about the growing influence of AI in the music industry?
• ... that to promote the Buffalo Club, Rising Tide Records sent packages of plastic buffalo to music industry executives in Nashville?
• ... that according to Billboard magazine, Laufey created a blueprint for jazz music in the modern music industry and helped push it back into the mainstream?
• ... that voice actress Rika Hayashi brought a golf club to the recording studio for Tonbo!, a golf-themed anime series?
• ... that until the release of the documentary Predator: The Secret Scandal of J-Pop, sexual abuse claims involving record producer Johnny Kitagawa went widely unreported in Japanese media?
• ... that Light Vessel 95 is now a recording studio?

Birthdays in Music: July 7

• Doc Severinsen, American conductor and trumpeter, turns 98.
• Ringo Starr, Brit drummer for The Beatles, turns 85.
• David Hodo, American vocalist of the Village People , turns 78.
• Michala Petri, Danish recorder player, turns 67.
• Mark White, American bassist for Spin Doctors, turns 63.
• Vonda Shepard, American multi-instrumentalist of Ally McBeal , turns 62.
• Synyster Gates, (born Brian Haner Jr.) American guitarist for Avenged Sevenfold, turns 44.
• Gabbie Nolen, American country music singer, turns 43.
• Ally Brooke Hernandez, American Pop singer A member of 5th Harmony, turns 32.
• Jurre van Doeselaar, one-half of Dutch EDM duo, Firebeatz, turns 38.

• Jim Rodford (Record production, 1941 –January 20, 2018), English musician of The Kinks, would have turned 84 this year.

• Image 1 The Uplift Mofo Party Plan

  is the third

  studio album

  by American

  rock

  band

  Red Hot Chili Peppers

  , released on September 29, 1987, by

  EMI Manhattan

  . Due to prior obligations resulting in temporary personnel changes following the band's formation in 1983,

  The Uplift Mofo Party Plan

  is the only studio album to feature all four founding members of the band on every track: vocalist

  Anthony Kiedis

  , bassist

  Flea

  , guitarist

  Hillel Slovak

  and drummer

  Jack Irons

  . This is also the last album with Slovak before his death from a drug overdose in 1988, and the only full-length album to feature Irons. "

  Fight Like a Brave

  " was released as the album's only single, although "Me and My Friends" received minor radio airplay. In 1992, "

  Behind the Sun

  " was released as a single and music video to promote

  What Hits!?

  .

  The album features the band's signature funk rock musical style, but also is influenced by reggae and heavy metal. For the album, Red Hot Chili Peppers recruited new producer Michael Beinhorn, who encouraged the members to expand their musical horizons in order to create a more diverse work. Bass player Flea later referred to the album as "the 'rockingest' record" the band has ever made. (Full article...)

• Image 2 Louder Now

  is the third studio album by American

  rock

  band

  Taking Back Sunday

  . In April 2005, the group had begun writing material for the album. Two months later, they signed with

  Warner Bros. Records

  and contributed a song to the

  Fantastic Four soundtrack

  . Soon afterwards, the group rented a room in

  Manhattan

  where they composed songs for

  Louder Now

  . They came up with 20 songs, discarding half of them and recording demos of the remainder. The group began recording

  Louder Now

  with

  Eric Valentine

  in September 2005 at Barefoot Studios in Los Angeles, California. After Warner Bros. told them they did not need to rush, they recorded new demos. Recording ended on New Year's Day, 2006, and was followed by a tour of the UK, Australia and the U.S.

  Louder Now was released on April 25, 2006, on Warner Bros. Records. Several weeks later, "MakeDamnSure" was released as a single; this was followed by a tour with Angels & Airwaves. A music video was released for "Twenty-Twenty Surgery", and the single was released a month later. A video for "Liar (It Takes One to Know One)" was released in September, before the single's release in November. Taking Back Sunday then began a two-month stint as part of the Taste of Chaos tour. A video album, The Louder Now DVD: PartOne, was released in December. The album included videos of the recording process, tour footage and music videos. "What's It Feel Like to Be a Ghost?" was released as a single on New Year's Eve. In early 2007 the group toured North America, followed by the release of "My Blue Heaven" as a single in April. After a tour with Linkin Park, guitarist Fred Mascherino left the group and was replaced by Matthew Fazzi. (Full article...)

• Image 4 Every Mother Counts

  (sometimes subtitled "Songs Inspired by the Documentary 'No Woman, No Cry' Directed by Christy Turlington Burns") is a charity compilation album and soundtrack for

  Christy Turlington

  's 2010 documentary film

  No Woman, No Cry

  by various artists, released by

  Starbucks'

  record label

  Hear Music

  on April 12, 2011. Featuring fifteen tracks about motherhood, some of which are original and previously unreleased, the compilation was sold exclusively at Starbucks locations and benefited the CARE's maternal health initiatives and the Every Mother Counts foundation. The album debuted at number 83 on the

  Billboard 200

  . (

  Full article...

  )

• Image 5 Sinners Never Sleep

  is the third studio album by English

  rock

  band

  You Me at Six

  . It was released on 3 October 2011 through

  Virgin Records

  . While touring in support of their second studio album

  Hold Me Down

  (2010), the band wrote slow-tempo material and heavy-sounding songs. Between March and May 2011, they recorded with producer

  Garth Richardson

  at

  Sunset Sound

  and

  The Sound Factory

  in

  Los Angeles

  , California. Partway through the process, vocalist Josh Franceschi suffered a

  panic attack

  , which resulted in him being hospitalized and the band losing time in the studio. Described as an

  pop rock

  and

  alternative rock

  album,

  Sinners Never Sleep

  was a departure from the

  pop punk

  sound of their previous releases.

  The lead single from Sinners Never Sleep, "Loverboy", was released as part an extended play (EP) in September 2011. Bookending the release, You Me at Six went on a co-headlining Australian tour with We the Kings and a headlining tour of the United Kingdom. "Bite My Tongue" was released as the second single from the album in December 2011. Sinners Never Sleep was released in the United States in January 2012, coinciding with a co-headlining US tour with the Swellers. You Me at Six then toured Australia as part of the Soundwave festival, and then the UK. "No One Does It Better" was released as the third single from the album in April 2012, followed by "Reckless" as the fourth in October 2012, which preceded a one-off headlining show at Wembley Arena. (Full article...)

• Image 6 New Amerykah Part One (4th World War)

  is the fourth

  studio album

  by American

  R&B

  singer

  Erykah Badu

  . It was released on February 26, 2008, by

  Universal Motown

  following Badu's hiatus from recording music due to writer's block. In returning from the hiatus, she received music from several

  hip hop

  producers over the

  Internet

  and recorded demos of her vocals using the

  GarageBand

  software on her laptop. Most of the album was then recorded at

  Electric Lady Studios

  in New York City.

  New Amerykah Part One is an esoteric concept album titled as a pun on Badu's first name and a reflection of the record's political leanings. It features social commentary and themes related to the plight of the African-American community, including poverty, urban violence, complacency, and cultural identity. The record's densely produced music incorporates hip hop, soul, funk, jazz, and electronica styles. (Full article...)

• Image 8 Jimmy Lee

  is the fifth studio album by American

  R&B

  singer, songwriter, and producer

  Raphael Saadiq

  . It was released on August 23, 2019 by

  Columbia Records

  . Recorded at Saadiq's personal studio in

  North Hollywood

  , it follows the critical success of his 2011 album

  Stone Rollin'

  and a period of years spent working on other musical projects, particularly those associated with African-American culture.

  Departing from the upbeat retro stylings of Saadiq's previous albums, Jimmy Lee explores themes of stress, addiction, family dysfunction, financial burden, mortality, and mass incarceration, particularly in the context of African-American life. It uses murkier, more modern R&B sounds and a song cycle of personal narratives, inspired in part by the singer's older brother, who died from a heroin overdose when Saadiq was young, and after whom the album is titled. Saadiq, who played bass, guitar, and percussion, was joined in its recording by drummer Chris Dave, producer Brook D'Leau, engineer Gerry Brown, vocalist Taura Stinson, and rapper Kendrick Lamar, among others. (Full article...)

• Image 9 Absolute Garbage

  is a

  greatest hits album

  by American

  rock

  band

  Garbage

  . It was released worldwide on July 23, 2007, through

  Warner Music

  imprint

  A&E Records

  with a North American release through

  Almo Sounds

  ,

  Geffen Records

  , and

  Universal Music Enterprises

  the following day. The compilation was issued while the band was on hiatus following a one-off reformation to perform at a

  benefit concert

  early in the year.

  The album includes remastered versions of 16 of the band's singles which run chronologically in the track listing, as well as "Tell Me Where It Hurts", a new track recorded especially for inclusion on the compilation which was released as a single. Absolute Garbage was released on CD and as a special edition which included a bonus disc of remixes. Additionally, a DVD was released featuring 16 music videos, as well as an hour-long documentary film titled Thanks for Your Uhh, Support, containing footage filmed backstage and behind the scenes, archive live performances, and interviews spanning the band's entire career up to that point. (Full article...)

• Image 10 1977

  is the debut studio album by Northern Irish

  rock

  band

  Ash

  . It was released on 6 May 1996 by Home Grown and

  Infectious Records

  , with whom the band had signed following the release of several demo tapes. Ash released the

  mini-album Trailer

  in 1994, and followed it with three

  singles

  "

  Kung Fu

  ", "

  Girl from Mars

  ", and "

  Angel Interceptor

  ", all of which would reappear on

  1977

  . Ash recorded their debut album with producer

  Owen Morris

  at

  Rockfield Studios

  in Wales in early 1996. Described as a

  Britpop

  ,

  power pop

  and

  garage rock

  album,

  1977

  drew comparisons to the

  Buzzcocks

  ,

  Dinosaur Jr.

  , and

  Sonic Youth

  .

  Preceded by the album's fourth single "Goldfinger" in April 1996, the band embarked on tours of the United Kingdom and Europe. "Oh Yeah" was released as the fifth single in June 1996, followed by tours of the United States, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Ash ended the year with another US tour, as well as a US support slot for Weezer. They toured Europe and the UK, before their appearance at Glastonbury Festival. (Full article...)

• Image 12
  

  Standard cover for physical releases

  
  Notes on a Conditional Form

  is the fourth studio album by English band

  the 1975

  . It was released on 22 May 2020 by

  Dirty Hit

  and

  Polydor Records

  . Initially titled

  Music for Cars

  , the album was intended as the follow-up to

  I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It

  (2016). It later came to denote an era spanning two albums. The first,

  A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships

  , was released in November 2018. The band recorded much of the second album in

  London

  ,

  Los Angeles

  ,

  Sydney

  ,

  Northamptonshire

  and in a mobile studio on their tour bus. The album faced several delays and was submitted only weeks before the onset of the global

  COVID-19 pandemic

  .

  A maximalist experimental album, Notes on a Conditional Form has a free-flowing structure composed of conventional songs, classical orchestral interludes and ambient electronic instrumentals. The album contains loose song structures characterised by their stream of consciousness deliveries, neo-noir ambience, downcast string arrangements, melancholic orchestral flourishes and sudden contrasts. Guest contributors to the album include Phoebe Bridgers, FKA Twigs, Cutty Ranks, climate change activist Greta Thunberg, and Matty Healy's father, Tim. (Full article...)

The following are images from various record production-related articles on Wikipedia.

• Image 1

  Engineers and producers watch a trumpet player from a window in the control room during a recording session. (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 2

  The studio at Ridge Radio in

  Caterham

  , England (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 3

  Mixing desk with twenty inputs and eight outputs (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 4Donna Summer

  wearing headphones during a recording session in 1977 (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 5

  Digital audio interface for the

  Pro Tools

  computer-based hard disk multitrack recording system. Digital audio quality is measured in data resolution per channel. (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 6

  The

  Siemens

  Studio for Electronic Music

  c. 1956

  (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 7Danny Knicely

  records with Furnace Mountain Band in Virginia (2012) (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 8

  The

  TEAC

  2340, a popular early (1973) home multitrack recorder, four tracks on ¼ inch tape (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 9

  The

  TASCAM

  85 16B analog tape multitrack recorder can record 16 tracks of audio on 1-inch (2.54cm) magnetic tape. Professional analog units of 24 tracks on 2-inch tape were common, with specialty

  tape heads

  providing 8, or even 16 tracks on the same tape width (8 tracks for greater fidelity). (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 10

  Neve VR60, a multitrack mixing console. Above the console are a range of studio monitor speakers. (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 11

  Hip hop producer and rapper

  RZA

  in a music studio with two collaborators. Pictured in the foreground is a synthesizer keyboard and a number of vinyl records; both of these items are key tools that producers and DJs use to create hip hop beats. (from

  Hip-hop production

  )

• Image 12Korg

  D888 eight-track digital recorder (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 13

  Home studio setup (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 14

  Scully 280 eight-track recorder at the

  Stax Museum of American Soul Music

  (from

  Multitrack recording

  )

• Image 16

  A selection of instruments at a music studio, including a

  grand piano

  (from

  Recording studio

  )

• Image 1 The early recordings of "King of Rock and Roll" Elvis Presley were successful on the country charts, and he achieved four number ones on the best sellers chart in 1956.

  In 1956,

  Billboard

  magazine published three

  charts

  covering the best-performing

  country music

  songs in the United States. At the start of the year, the charts were published under the titles Most Played in

  Juke Boxes

  , Best Sellers in Stores, and Most Played By

  Jockeys

  , with the genre denoted in an overall page heading. With effect from the issue of

  Billboard

  dated June 30, the genre was added to the specific titles of the charts, which were thus published as Most Played C&W in Juke Boxes, C&W Best Sellers in Stores, and Most Played C&W By Jockeys, the C&W standing for "country and western". All three charts are considered part of the lineage of the current

  Hot Country Songs

  chart, which was first published in 1958.

  The number-one positions on both the juke box and best sellers charts were dominated in 1956 by Elvis Presley, who spent a total of 26 weeks in the top spot on the best sellers listing and 28 weeks (including one tied with another single) atop the juke box chart with four different singles. Presley achieved the first country chart-topper of his career in February when he reached the number one spot on the best sellers chart with "I Forgot to Remember to Forget"; its B-side, "Mystery Train" was listed jointly at number one for the first week of the run only. The release was the final single which he recorded for Sun Records, the label for which he had honed his early rockabilly style. After he signed for new label RCA Victor, his recordings began to show more of a pop music influence, but for a time continued to appear on the country charts, and one week after "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" was replaced at number one, Presley regained the top spot with the two-sided success "Heartbreak Hotel" / "I Was the One", which remained atop the listing for 17 consecutive weeks. He would go on to be regarded as the most successful and influential recording artist of all time and feted as the "King of Rock and Roll". (Full article...)

• Image 2 Lynn Anderson (pictured in 2011) had three number ones in 1971.
  Hot Country Songs

  is a

  chart

  that ranks the top-performing

  country music

  songs in the United States, published by

  Billboard

  magazine. In 1971, 21 different singles topped the chart, at the time published under the title Hot Country Singles, in 52 issues of the magazine, based on playlists submitted by country music radio stations and sales reports supplied by stores.

  The first number one of the year was Lynn Anderson's "Rose Garden", which was in its second week at number one in the issue of Billboard dated January 2, and remained at the top for three further weeks before being displaced by "Flesh and Blood" by Johnny Cash. Charley Pride had the highest total number of weeks at number one in 1971, topping the chart for 11 weeks with "I'd Rather Love You", "I'm Just Me" and "Kiss an Angel Good Mornin'". Lynn Anderson and Sonny James also each had three number ones during the year, as did Conway Twitty, who reached the top of the chart with one solo single and two duets with Loretta Lynn. The two singers would go on to achieve a string of duet hits in the 1970s and 1980s. The longest unbroken run at number one in 1971 was achieved by Jerry Reed with "When You're Hot, You're Hot", which spent five consecutive weeks at number one during the summer. (Full article...)

• Image 3 Buck Owens had four number ones in 1966.
  Hot Country Songs

  is a

  chart

  that ranks the top-performing

  country music

  songs in the United States, published by

  Billboard

  magazine. In 1966, 13 different singles topped the chart, which was published at the time under the title Hot Country Singles, in 53 issues of the magazine. Chart placings were based on playlists submitted by country music radio stations and sales reports submitted by stores.

  At the start of the year the number one single was the instrumental "Buckaroo" by Buck Owens and his Buckaroos, the track's second week in the top spot. It held the number one position for the first week of 1966 before being replaced by "Giddyup Go" by Red Sovine, the first of a number of sentimental songs about the truck-driving industry for which the singer would become known. After Sovine's six-week run at number one, Owens returned to the top with "Waitin' in Your Welfare Line", the first of three chart-toppers from his album "Open Up Your Heart". One of the most successful recording artists of the mid-1960s, Owens spent the highest number of weeks at number one in 1966, occupying the top spot for a total of 18 weeks with his four chart-topping singles. Only two other artists took more than one single to number one in 1966. Eddy Arnold, one of the biggest country music stars of the 1940s and early 1950s, had revitalized his somewhat declining career in the mid-1960s by embracing the "Nashville sound", a newer style of country music which eschewed elements of the earlier honky-tonk style in favor of smooth productions which had a broader appeal. In 1965, Arnold had gained his first number one in ten years, and his success continued into 1966, when he reached the top spot twice and spent a combined total of ten weeks at number one. Jim Reeves also achieved two chart-toppers in 1966, both of which were posthumous; the singer had been killed in a plane crash two years earlier. (Full article...)

• Image 4

  From 1944 until 1957,

  Billboard

  magazine published a

  chart

  that ranked the top-performing

  country music

  songs in the United States, based on the number of times a song had been played in

  jukeboxes

  ; until 1948 it was the magazine's only country music chart. In 1945, 14 different songs topped the chart, then published under the title Most Played Juke Box Folk Records, in 52 issues of the magazine. The term "country music" would not come into standard usage until the late 1940s and "folk music" was one of a number of terms used for the genre in earlier years. The chart ranked "the most popular Folk records on automatic phonographs thruout [

  sic

  ] the nation", based on "reports from all the country's leading operating centers", which were averaged to produce the final placings. This methodology allowed for the possibility of records tying for a position, and on several occasions during 1945 two or more songs tied for the number one spot, including the issue of

  Billboard

  dated November 24, when four songs tied for the number-one position. The Juke Box Folk chart is considered part of the lineage of the current

  Hot Country Songs

  chart, which was first published in 1958.

  At the start of the year, the song in the number one position was "I'm Wastin' My Tears on You" by Tex Ritter, which had been in the top spot since the issue of Billboard dated December 23, 1944; it remained at the top of the chart for four weeks in 1945. Ritter achieved a second number one later in the year with "You Two-Timed Me One Time Too Often", which spent 11 non-consecutive weeks at number one (including two in which it shared the top spot with other songs), the most by any song during the year. Ritter's total of 15 weeks at number one in 1945 was the highest by any artist. The longest unbroken run at number one was six weeks, by Al Dexter's "I'm Losing My Mind Over You" in February and March. As the chart was still in its infancy, the majority of the acts to top the chart in 1945 did so for the first time. One of the first-time chart-toppers was Jimmie Davis, who at the time of his number one success was combining his professional singing career with serving as the Governor of Louisiana. (Full article...)

• Image 5
  

  The

  Grammy Award for Best Music Video

  is an accolade presented at the

  Grammy Awards

  , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to performers, directors, and producers of quality short form

  music videos

  . Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the

  National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

  of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

  Originally called the Grammy Award for Best Video, Short Form, the award was first presented in 1984, as was a similar award for Best Long Form Music Video. From 1986 to 1997, the category name was changed to Best Music Video, Short Form. However, in 1988 and 1989, the award criteria were changed and the video awards were presented under the categories Best Concept Music Video and Best Performance Music Video. The awards were returned to the original format in 1990. The category was called Best Short Form Music Video until 2012, from 2013 it was shortened to Best Music Video. Award recipients include the performers, directors, and producers associated with the winning videos, except for its first two years when the Grammy went to the performing artist only. For unknown reasons, the award for the Best Music Video in 1987 - Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits - went to the band only, not to the director(s) or producer(s). (Full article...)

• Image 6
  

  The

  discography

  of

  Jamelia

  , a British

  R&B

  singer, consists of three

  studio albums

  , one

  greatest hits

  album, and fourteen

  singles

  , fifteen

  music videos

  , and one live DVD of a concert performance. She has contributed to the albums of two other artists, and appeared on two

  soundtrack albums

  . Jamelia signed with

  Capitol Records

  in 1996, and her debut single, "

  So High

  ", was released on 3 May 1999. It failed to chart and she left the record company before an album was released. Later that year, Jamelia released "

  I Do

  " with

  Parlophone

  , which was followed up in 2000 with her first top five single, titled "

  Money

  ", and her debut album

  Drama

  .

  Jamelia's second album, Thank You, released in 2003, is her most successful to date, peaking at number 4 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart, at number 16 in New Zealand, and at number 21 in Ireland. It also charted in Australia and mainland Europe, but in much lower positions. The album's lead singles were "Bout", a reggae-style song that features a rap from Rah Digga, and pop/dance song "Superstar". "Bout" charted at 37 on the UK Singles Chart, but "Superstar" fared much better, entering the singles chart at number 8 and climbing to number 3, its peak position, after four weeks. It was also the 26th best selling single of 2003. The next single taken from Thank You was the title track, which peaked at number 2 in the UK. Both "Superstar" and "Thank You" are Jamelia's most successful single releases to date, appearing in many singles charts worldwide. Thank You was subsequently re-released with two new songs: "See It in a Boy's Eyes" and "DJ". (Full article...)

• Image 7 Luis Enrique was the first artist to reach number one on the Tropical Airplay chart in 1994.

  In October 1994, Billboard magazine established Tropical Airplay, a chart that ranks the top-performing songs played on tropical radio stations in the United States based on weekly airplay data compiled by Nielsen's Broadcast Data Systems (BDS). It is a subchart of Hot Latin Songs, which lists the best-performing Spanish-language songs in the country. According to a 1985 article by Billboard, tropical music is the "sound of the Spanish-speaking Caribbean – though it extends beyond it". It usually encompasses dance genres such as salsa, merengue, bachata, vallenato, and the Colombian cumbia and tropical music in Mexico. Five songs topped the chart in 1994 and 12 tracks did the same in 1995. Until November 5, 1994, BDS ran test charts which only listed the number one song of the week on Billboard's electronic database.

  The first song to reach number one on the Tropical Airplay chart was "Quién Eres Tú" by Luis Enrique which remained in the top spot for three weeks. It was replaced by La India's cover of "Nunca Voy a Olvidarte", making her the first female artist to reach the top of the chart. Both artists were the only acts to have more than one chart-topper in 1994. La India had the final number one song of the year with her rendition of "Ese Hombre" which was also the first at the start of 1995. La India and Gloria Estefan were the only female acts to reach number one in 1995. (Full article...)

• Image 8
  Hot Country Songs

  is a

  chart

  that ranks the top-performing

  country music

  songs in the United States, published by

  Billboard

  magazine. In 1996, 28 different songs topped the chart, then published under the title Hot Country Singles & Tracks, in 52 issues of the magazine, based on weekly

  airplay

  data from country music radio stations compiled by

  Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems

  .

  The first number one of the year was "Rebecca Lynn" by Bryan White, which moved into the top spot in the issue dated January 6 and remained in place for only a single week before being replaced by "It Matters to Me" by Faith Hill. Canadian singer Shania Twain had the most number ones in 1996, topping the chart with "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!", "You Win My Love" and "No One Needs to Know". The three songs spent a total of five weeks at the top of the chart, tying Twain for the most weeks at number one by an artist with George Strait, who spent two weeks in the top spot with "Blue Clear Sky" and three with "Carried Away". Alan Jackson, Patty Loveless and Bryan White were the only other acts to have more than one number one in 1996. The longest unbroken run at number one in 1996 was three weeks, which was achieved by seven different songs. (Full article...)

• Image 9

  The

  Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male

  was an honor presented at the

  Grammy Awards

  , a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to male recording artists for quality

  jazz

  vocal performances (songs or albums). Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the

  National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

  of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

  Prior to 1981, the gender-neutral category of Best Jazz Vocal Performance existed. The first award specifically for male performances was presented to George Benson in 1981 for the song "Moody's Mood". The category remained unchanged until 1985, when it was combined with the award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female and presented in the genderless category. Gender-specific awards were once again presented from 1986 until 1991. In 1992, the two categories were combined and presented as the category Best Jazz Vocal Performance. This category was later renamed to Best Jazz Vocal Album beginning in 2001. While the gender-specific award has not been presented since the category merge in 1992, an official confirmation of its retirement has not been announced. (Full article...)

• Image 10 Flo Rida's first U.S. number-one single "Low" was the longest-running number-one of 2008, topping the chart for 10 consecutive weeks.

  The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay. In 2008, there were 14 singles that topped the chart in 52 issues of the magazine.

  Rapper Flo Rida's "Low" was the first number one of the year, and the longest-running single in 2008, staying at number one for 10 consecutive weeks. It is the longest stay at the top for a single since R&B singer Beyoncé's "Irreplaceable" reigned for 10 straight weeks starting in late 2006. "Low" is the best-performing single of 2008 in the United States, ranking number one on Billboard's year end chart of the Top Hot 100 Hits of 2008. Other singles with extended runs at number one include Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl", which stayed at the top spot for seven straight weeks, and T.I.'s "Whatever You Like", which topped the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks. (Full article...)

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