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Portal:Numismatics - Wikipedia

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Wikipedia portal for content related to Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Specialists, known as numismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, but the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other means of payment used to resolve debts and exchange goods.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes or instant noodles in prison). As an example, the Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in lambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not.^{[dubious – discuss]} Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems. (Full article...)

• Image 1

  The

  Morgan dollar

  is a

  United States dollar coin

  minted from 1878 to 1904, in 1921, and beginning again in 2021 as a collectible. It was the first standard silver dollar minted since the passage of the

  Coinage Act of 1873

  , which ended the

  free coining of silver

  and the production of the previous design, the

  Seated Liberty dollar

  . It contained 412.5

  Troy grains

  of 90% pure silver (or 371.25 Troy grains = 24.057 g; 0.7734 ozt of pure silver). The coin is named after its designer, United States Mint Assistant Engraver

  George T. Morgan

  . The

  obverse

  depicts a profile portrait representing

  Liberty

  , modeled by

  Anna Willess Williams

  , while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched. The mint mark, if present, appears on the reverse above between D and O in "Dollar".

  The dollar was authorized by the Bland–Allison Act. Following the passage of the 1873 act, mining interests lobbied to restore free silver, which would require the Mint to accept all silver presented to it and return it, struck into coin. Instead, the Bland–Allison Act was passed, which required the Treasury to purchase between two and four million dollars' worth of silver at market value to be coined into dollars each month. In 1890, the Bland–Allison Act was repealed by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 troy ounces (140,000 kg) of silver each month, but only required further silver dollar production for one year. This act, once again, was repealed in 1893. (Full article...)

• Image 2

  The

  Sacagawea dollar

  (also known as the "

  golden dollar

  ") is a United States

  dollar coin

  introduced in 2000, but subsequently minted only for niche circulation from 2002 onward. The coin generally failed to meet consumer and business demands but it is still generally accepted in circulation.

  These coins have a copper core clad by manganese brass, giving them a distinctive golden color. The coin features an obverse designed by Glenna Goodacre of Sacagawea, the Shoshone guide of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, carrying her child. From 2000 to 2008, the reverse featured an eagle design by Thomas D. Rogers. Since 2009, the reverse of the Sacagawea dollar has been changed yearly, with each design in the series depicting a different aspect of Native American cultures. These coins are marketed as "Native American dollars". (Full article...)

• Image 3

  The

  Cleveland Centennial half dollar

  is

  a commemorative United States half dollar

  struck at the

  Philadelphia Mint

  in 1936 and 1937, though all bear the earlier date. Sometimes known as the

  Cleveland Centennial Great Lakes Exposition half dollar

  , it was issued to mark the 100th anniversary of

  Cleveland, Ohio

  , as an incorporated city, and in commemoration of the

  Great Lakes Exposition

  , held in Cleveland in 1936.

  In the mid-1930s, commemorative coins were increasing in value, and Cincinnati businessman Thomas G. Melish, a coin collector, lobbied Congress to authorize several new issues, of which he would be the sole distributor. He was successful with the Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar, from which he profited greatly, and with the Cleveland piece. Brenda Putnam designed the Cleveland coin, which was approved by the Commission of Fine Arts after suggestions by sculptor Lee Lawrie. (Full article...)

• Image 6

  The

  copper-nickel three-cent piece

  , often called a

  three-cent nickel piece

  or

  three-cent nickel

  , was designed by US Mint Chief Engraver

  James B. Longacre

  and struck by the

  United States Bureau of the Mint

  from 1865 to 1889. It was initially popular, but its place in commerce was supplanted by the five-cent piece, or

  nickel

  .

  With precious metal federal coinage hoarded during the economic turmoil of the American Civil War, including the silver three-cent piece, and even the copper-nickel cent commanding a premium, Congress issued paper money in denominations as small as three cents to replace the hoarded coins in commerce. These small slips of paper became ragged and dirty, and the public came to hate "shinplasters". After the issuance in 1864 of a lighter bronze cent and a two-cent piece of that metal, both of which circulated freely, there were proposals for a three-cent piece in copper-nickel to replace the three-cent note. The advocates were led by Pennsylvania industrialist Joseph Wharton, who then controlled the domestic supply of nickel ore. On the last legislative day of the congressional session, March 3, 1865, a bill for a three-cent piece in copper-nickel alloy was introduced in Congress, passed both houses without debate, and was signed by President Abraham Lincoln. (Full article...)

• Image 7 Cameo of Pistrucci (ca. 1850, by his daughter, Elisa)
  Benedetto Pistrucci

  (29 May 1783 – 16 September 1855) was an Italian

  gem-engraver

  ,

  medallist

  and a coin engraver, probably best known for his

  Saint George and the Dragon

  design for the

  British sovereign coin

  . Pistrucci was commissioned by the British government to create the large

  Waterloo Medal

  , a project which took him thirty years to complete.

  Born in Rome in 1783, Pistrucci studied briefly with other artists before striking out on his own at age 15. He became prominent as a cameo carver and was patronised by royalty. In 1815, he moved to Britain, where he would live for most of the rest of his life. His talent brought him to the attention of notables including William Wellesley-Pole, the Master of the Mint. Pole engaged Pistrucci to design new coinage, including the sovereign, which was first issued in 1817 to mixed reactions. Although Pole probably promised Pistrucci the post of Chief Engraver, the position could not be awarded as only a British subject could hold it. This slight became a long-term grievance for Pistrucci. (Full article...)

• Image 9

  The

  Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar

  was a commemorative

  half dollar

  designed by

  Charles Keck

  and struck by the

  United States Bureau of the Mint

  in 1936, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the 1786 incorporation of the

  independent city

  of

  Lynchburg, Virginia

  . The

  obverse

  of the coin depicts former

  Secretary of the Treasury

  and U.S. Senator

  Carter Glass

  , a native of Lynchburg. The reverse depicts a statue of the

  Goddess of Liberty

  , with Lynchburg sites behind her, including the

  Old Courthouse

  and the city's Confederate monument.

  Glass sponsored legislation for the half dollar, which passed Congress without difficulty. The Commission of Fine Arts proposed that the coin should bear the portrait of John Lynch, founder of Lynchburg, on the obverse, but no portrait of him was known. Instead, the Lynchburg Sesqui-Centennial Association decided Senator Glass should be on the coin. Despite his opposition, Glass became the third living person to appear on a U.S. coin, and the first to be shown alone. (Full article...)

• Image 10
  Oliver Christian Bosbyshell

  (January 3, 1839 – August 1, 1921) was Superintendent of the

  United States Mint

  at Philadelphia from 1889 to 1894. He also claimed to have been the first

  Union soldier

  wounded by enemy action in the

  Civil War

  , stating that he received a bruise on the forehead from an object thrown by a

  Confederate

  sympathizer while his unit was marching through Baltimore in April 1861.

  Bosbyshell was born in Mississippi. His parents were of old Philadelphia stock, and he was raised in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. After briefly working on the railroad and then studying law, Bosbyshell enlisted in the Union cause on the outbreak of war. Following a brief period of service in the 25th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment, he joined the 48th Pennsylvania, remaining in that regiment for three years. He saw action in such battles as Second Bull Run and Antietam. He rose to the rank of major and led his regiment, but was mustered out upon the expiration of his term of service in October 1864, having been refused a leave of absence. (Full article...)

• Image 12 A 1936 George V penny

  The

  British penny

  (

  1⁄240

  of a

  pound sterling

  ), a large, pre-decimal coin which continued the series of pennies which began in about the year 700, was struck intermittently during the 20th century until its withdrawal from circulation after 1970. From 1901 to 1970, the

  obverse

  ("heads" side) of the bronze coin depicted the monarch who was reigning at the start of the year. The reverse, which featured an image of

  Britannia

  seated with shield, trident, and helm, was created by

  Leonard Charles Wyon

  based on an earlier design by his father,

  William Wyon

  . The coins were also used in British colonies and

  dominions

  that had not issued their own coins.

  In 1895 the design on the reverse was modified by the Engraver of the Royal Mint George William de Saulles and after Queen Victoria's death in 1901, de Saulles was called upon to create a design for the obverse which would feature Edward VII. This feature appeared on the version of the penny which went into circulation in 1902, and it remained in circulation until the year of Edward's death, 1910. An obverse version of the penny designed by Sir Bertram Mackennal and depicting George V went into circulation in 1911, and it remained in circulation with some modifications until the year of the king's death, 1936. No new pennies were produced for commerce in 1933, because a sufficient number were already in circulation, but at least seven were struck that year, mostly for placement beneath foundation stones and in museums; today they are valuable. Edward VIII's short reign is only represented by a single pattern coin, dated 1937. That year, a new obverse design by Humphrey Paget which depicted George VI went into use. From 1941 to 1943, during the Second World War, pennies were only struck for the colonies; these are all dated 1940 which was the most recent year of production in the United Kingdom. After the war, demand for the penny began to diminish. Most of the 1950 and 1951 pieces were sent to Bermuda, where many of them were retrieved from circulation and repatriated by British coin dealers because of their relative scarcity. (Full article...)

• Image 13

  The

  Flying Eagle cent

  is a one-

  cent

  piece struck by the

  Mint of the United States

  as a

  pattern coin

  in 1856 and for circulation in 1857 and 1858. The coin was designed by Mint Chief Engraver

  James B. Longacre

  , with the eagle in flight based on the work of Longacre's predecessor,

  Christian Gobrecht

  .

  By the early 1850s, the large cent (about the size of a half dollar) being issued by the Mint was becoming both unpopular in commerce and expensive to mint. After experimenting with various sizes and compositions, the Mint decided on an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel for a new, smaller cent. After the Mint produced patterns with an 1856 date and gave them to legislators and officials, Congress formally authorized the new piece in February 1857. (Full article...)

• Image 14

  The

  Elgin, Illinois, Centennial half dollar

  was a fifty-cent commemorative coin issued by the

  United States Bureau of the Mint

  in 1936, part of the wave of commemoratives authorized by Congress and struck that year. Intended to commemorate the centennial of the founding of

  Elgin

  , the piece was designed by local sculptor

  Trygve Rovelstad

  . The

  obverse

  depicts an idealized head of a

  pioneer

  man. The reverse shows a grouping of pioneers, and is based upon a sculptural group that Rovelstad hoped to build as a memorial to those who settled Illinois, but which was not erected in his lifetime.

  Rovelstad had heard of other efforts to gain authorization for commemorative coins, which were sold by the Mint to a designated group at face value and then retailed to the public at a premium. In 1935, through his congressman, he had legislation introduced into the House of Representatives for a commemorative coin in honor of Elgin's centennial that year. Rovelstad hoped that the proposed coin would both depict and be a source of funds for his memorial to the pioneers. Texas coin dealer L.W. Hoffecker heard of the effort and contacted Rovelstad to offer his assistance—Hoffecker had been a force behind the Old Spanish Trail half dollar, issued in 1935 and distributed by him. (Full article...)

• Image 15
  

  The obverse of a Class I 1804 dollar

  The

  1804 dollar

  or

  Bowed Liberty Dollar

  was a

  dollar coin

  struck by the

  United States Mint

  , of which fifteen specimens are currently known to exist. Though dated 1804, none were struck in that year; all were minted in the 1830s or later. They were first created for use in special

  proof coin

  sets used as diplomatic gifts during

  Edmund Roberts

  ' trips to

  Siam

  and

  Muscat

  .

  Edmund Roberts distributed the coins in 1834 and 1835. Two additional sets were ordered for government officials in Japan and Cochinchina, but Roberts died in Macau before they could be delivered. Besides those 1804 dollars produced for inclusion in the diplomatic sets, the Mint struck some examples which were used to trade with collectors for pieces desired for the Mint's coin cabinet. Numismatists first became aware of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when an illustration of one example appeared in a publication authored by two Mint employees. A collector subsequently acquired one example from the Mint in 1843. In response to numismatic demand, several examples were surreptitiously produced by Mint officials. Unlike the original coins, these later restrikes lacked the correct edge lettering, although later examples released from the Mint bore the correct lettering. The coins produced for the diplomatic mission, those struck surreptitiously without edge lettering and those with lettering are known collectively as "Class I", "Class II" and "Class III" dollars, respectively. (Full article...)

The American Numismatic Association (ANA) is an organization founded in 1891 by George Francis Heath. Located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, it was formed to advance the knowledge of numismatics (the study of coins) along educational, historical, and scientific lines, as well as to enhance interest in the hobby.

The ANA has more than 24,000 individual members who receive many benefits, such as discounts, access to website features, and the monthly journal The Numismatist. The ANA's Colorado Springs headquarters houses its administrative offices, library, and money museum. The ANA received a federal charter from the United States Congress in 1912. (Full article...)

• ...that with its two-dollar coin (reverse pictured), Newfoundland was the only British colony to issue circulating gold coinage?
• ...that Mount Burgess is nicknamed the Ten Dollar Mountain because it was featured on Canadian currency?
• ...that the American Buffalo gold bullion coin was the first .9999 fine 24-carat gold coin released by the United States Mint?
• ...that the Alabama centennial half dollar was the first commemorative coin minted with the image of a living individual?
• ...that Aksumite currency was the only native coinage to be issued in Africa without direct influence by an outside culture like Roman, Greek, etc...?

A shekel or sheqel (Akkadian: 𒅆𒅗𒇻, romanized: šiqlu, siqlu; Ugaritic: 𐎘𐎖𐎍, romanized: ṯiql, Hebrew: שקל, romanized: šeqel, plural Hebrew: שקלים, romanized: šəqālim, Phoenician: 𐤔𐤒𐤋) is an ancient Mesopotamian coin, usually of silver. A shekel was first a unit of weight—very roughly 11 grams (0.35 ozt)—and became currency in ancient Tyre, Carthage and Hasmonean Judea. (Full article...)

The following are images from various numismatics-related articles on Wikipedia.

• Image 1

  Song dynasty

  Jiaozi,

  the world's earliest paper money (from

  Currency

  )

• Image 2

  The

  Piloncitos

  are tiny engraved gold coins found in the

  Philippines

  , along with

  barter rings

  , which are gold ring-like

  ingots

  . These barter rings are bigger than softballs in size and are made of pure gold from the Archaic period (

  c. 10th

  to 16th century). (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 3

  Athenian coin (c. 500/490–485 BC) discovered in the

  Shaikhan Dehri hoard

  in

  Pushkalavati

  ,

  Pakistan

  . This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 4

  Roman

  aureus

  of

  Septimius Severus

  ,

  c. 193–211 AD

  (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 5

  Spade money from the

  Zhou dynasty

  ,

  c.

  650–400 BC (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 6

  Coins can be stacked. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 7

  Posthumous Alexander the Great tetradrachm from Temnos, Aeolis. Dated 188–170 BC. Obverse: Alexander the Great as Herakles facing right wearing the nemean lionskin. Reverse: Zeus seated on throne to the left holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left; in left field PA monogram and angular sigma above grape vine arching over oinochoe; ALEXANDROU vertical in right field. Reference: Price 1678. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 8

  Silver

  stater

  of Aegina, 550–530 BC. Obverse:

  sea turtle

  with large pellets down centre. Reverse: incuse square punch with eight sections. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 9

  Cowry shells being used as money by an Arab trader (from

  Currency

  )

• Image 10

  A 7th century one-third stater coin from Lydia, shown larger (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 11

  The earliest inscribed coinage:

  electrum

  coin of

  Phanes

  from

  Ephesus

  , 625–600 BC. Obverse:

  Stag

  grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two

  incuse

  punches, each with raised intersecting lines. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 12

  A

  silver

  coin made during the reign of the

  Mughal Emperor Alamgir II

  (1754–1759) (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 13

  Bimetallic Egyptian one pound coin featuring King Tutankhamen (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 14

  The

  French Indies Company

  issued rupees in the name of

  Muhammad Shah

  (1719–1748) for Northern India trade. This was cast in

  Pondicherry

  . (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 15

  Roman

  sestertius

  of

  Nero

  ,

  c. 54–68 AD

  (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 17

  Hoard of mostly

  Mauryan Empire

  coins, 3rd century BC (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 18

  Genoese 10 doppie, 1641 (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 20

  Shredded and briquetted

  US dollar

  notes from the

  Federal Reserve Bank of New York

  (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 21

  Greek

  drachm

  of Aegina. Obverse: Land turtle. Reverse: ΑΙΓ(INA) and dolphin (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 22

  Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration, c. 500–380 BC, or c. 350 BC. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 23

  The world's oldest coin, created in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (from

  Currency

  )

• Image 24

  Coin of

  Alyattes

  of

  Lydia

  ,

  c. 620/10–564/53

  BC (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 25

  Silver coin of the

  Maurya Empire

  , known as

  rūpyarūpa

  , with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 26

  Obverse and reverse of an old American $100 note (1928) (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 27

  French 1992 twenty Franc Tri-Metallic coin (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 28

  Five million mark coin (

  Weimar Republic

  , 1923). Despite its high denomination, this coin's

  monetary

  value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923, substantially less than the value of its metallic content. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 29100 USD

  banknote (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 30

  Collage for banknote design with annotations and additions to show proposed changes (figure rather higher so as to allow room for the No.), Bank of Manchester, UK, 1833. On display at the British Museum in London (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 31

  Timeline of monetary history (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 32

  Genoese scudo, 1541 (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 33

  Earliest banknote from China during the Song Dynasty which is known as "Jiaozi" (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 34

  Name of currency units by country, in Portuguese (from

  Currency

  )

• Image 35

  Shreds of unfit

  US dollar

  notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 36

  The

  Achaemenid Empire satraps

  and dynasts in

  Asia Minor

  developed the usage of portraiture from c. 420 BC. Portrait of the satrap of

  Lydia

  ,

  Tissaphernes

  (c. 445–395 BC). (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 37

  Early

  punch-marked coins

  of Gandhara,

  Taxila

  -

  Gandhara

  region. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 38

  3

  Rubles

  proof coin of Russia, minted in 2008 (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 39

  A

  Swiss ten-cent coin

  from 1879, similar to the oldest coins still in official use today (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 40

  Many currencies, such as the

  Indonesian rupiah

  , vary the sizes of their banknotes by denomination. This is done so that they may be told apart through touch alone. (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 41

  A

  2000 Romanian lei

  polymer banknote (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 42

  Chinese round coins,

  Eastern Zhou dynasty

  –

  Warring States Period

  , c. 300–220 BC. Four Hua (四化, 30mm, 6.94 g). Legend

  Yi Si Hua

  ([City of] Yi Four Hua). (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 43

  An

  American Silver Eagle

  minted in 2019 (left), an example of a

  Bullion coin

  . Its obverse design is based on the older, formerly circulating silver

  Walking Liberty half dollar

  (right). (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 44

  Fed Shreds as souvenir from the

  Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

  (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 45

  Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the

  Federal Reserve Bank of New York

  (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 46

  A

  siglos

  found in the

  Kabul valley

  , 5th century BC. Coins of this type were also found in the

  Bhir Mound

  hoard. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 47

  Shredded and briquetted

  euro

  banknotes from the

  Deutsche Bundesbank

  , Germany (approx. 1 kg) (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 48

  A

  5 euro note

  that was repaired with

  plastic tape

  after being torn in half (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 49

  Holographic coin from Liberia features the

  Statue of Liberty

  (

  Liberty Enlightening the World

  ) (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 50

  A $5 note issued by Citizens Bank of Louisiana in the 1850s. (from

  Banknote

  )

• Image 51

  Genoese doppia, 1589 (from

  History of money

  )

• Image 52

  An

  oxhide ingot

  from

  Crete

  .

  Late Bronze Age

  metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an "ox-hide", suggesting that they represented standardized values. (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 53

  Alexander the Great Tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint, c. 188–170 BC (from

  Coin

  )

• Image 54Gandharan

  "bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the

  Chaman Hazouri

  and the

  Bhir Mound

  hoards. (from

  Coin

  )

• Bullion – Precious metals (platinum, gold and silver) in the form of bars, ingots or plate.
  
• Error – Usually a mis-made coin not intended for circulation, but can also refer to an engraving or die-cutting error not discovered until the coins are released to circulation. This may result is two or more varieties of the coin in the same year.
• Exonumia – The study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration.
• Fineness – Purity of precious metal content expressed in terms of one thousand parts. 90% is expressed as .900 fine.
  
• Notaphily – The study of paper money or banknotes.
  
• Scripophily – The study and collection of stocks and Bonds.

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1. ^ The total sum is 200% because each currency trade is counted twice: once for the currency being bought and once for the currency being sold. The percentages above represent the proportion of all trades involving a given currency, regardless of which side of the transaction it is on.

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