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Portal:Internet - Wikipedia

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, internet telephony, and file sharing.

The origins of the Internet date back to research that enabled the time-sharing of computer resources, the development of packet switching in the 1960s and the design of computer networks for data communication. The set of rules (communication protocols) to enable internetworking on the Internet arose from research and development commissioned in the 1970s by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Department of Defense in collaboration with universities and researchers across the United States and in the United Kingdom and France. The ARPANET initially served as a backbone for the interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the United States to enable resource sharing. The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, encouraged worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and the merger of many networks using DARPA's Internet protocol suite. The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s, as well as the advent of the World Wide Web, marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet, and generated sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the internetwork. Although the Internet was widely used by academia in the 1980s, the subsequent commercialization of the Internet in the 1990s and beyond incorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life. (Full article...)

is a genre of

that focuses on

or

, usually coupled with some degree of breakdown in social order. The plot of cyberpunk writing often centers on a conflict among

,

, and

, tending to be set within a near-future

Earth, rather than the "outer space" locales prevalent at the time of cyberpunk's inception. Much of the genre's "atmosphere" echoes

, and written works in the genre often use techniques from

. While this gritty, hard-hitting style was hailed as revolutionary during cyberpunk's early days, later observers concluded that in terms of literature, most cyberpunk narrative techniques were less innovative than those of the

, twenty years earlier. Primary exponents of the cyberpunk field include

,

,

and

. The term became widespread in the

and remains current today.

A hotspot is a venue that offers Wi-Fi access. The public can use a laptop, WiFi phone, or other suitable portable device to access the Internet. Of the estimated 150 million laptops, 14 million PDAs, and other emerging Wi-Fi devices sold per year for the last few years, most include the Wi-Fi feature.

The Protocol Wars were a long-running debate in computer science that occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s, when engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which communication protocol would result in the best and most robust networks. This culminated in the Internet–OSI Standards War in the 1980s and early 1990s, which was ultimately "won" by the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) by the mid-1990s when it became the dominant protocol suite through rapid adoption of the Internet.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the pioneers of packet switching technology built computer networks providing data communication, that is the ability to transfer data between points or nodes. As more of these networks emerged in the mid to late 1970s, the debate about communication protocols became a "battle for access standards". An international collaboration between several national postal, telegraph and telephone (PTT) providers and commercial operators led to the X.25 standard in 1976, which was adopted on public data networks providing global coverage. Separately, proprietary data communication protocols emerged, most notably IBM's Systems Network Architecture in 1974 and Digital Equipment Corporation's DECnet in 1975.

The United States Department of Defense (DoD) developed TCP/IP during the 1970s in collaboration with universities and researchers in the US, UK, and France. IPv4 was released in 1981 and was made the standard for all DoD computer networking. By 1984, the international reference model OSI model, which was not compatible with TCP/IP, had been agreed upon. Many European governments (particularly France, West Germany, and the UK) and the United States Department of Commerce mandated compliance with the OSI model, while the US Department of Defense planned to transition from TCP/IP to OSI.

Meanwhile, the development of a complete Internet protocol suite by 1989, and partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry to incorporate TCP/IP software into various operating systems, laid the foundation for the widespread adoption of TCP/IP as a comprehensive protocol suite. While OSI developed its networking standards in the late 1980s, TCP/IP came into widespread use on multi-vendor networks for internetworking and as the core component of the emerging Internet. (Full article...)

• ... that the 2000 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest was the first to be broadcast live over the internet?
• ... that statements about the character Ridley's reasons for not being in the fighting game series Super Smash Bros. led to Internet memes about the character's large size?
• ... that the University of Memphis football team posthumously retired Danton Barto's number following an online petition?
• ... that a Google Doc written by a high school student has become "part of the online queer canon"?
• ... that blogger Charles LeBlanc interviewed a man who carried out a mass shooting the following year?
• ... that when MT Petar Hektorović was temporarily reassigned, one resident of Vis wrote an online memorial to the ship, writing "the bay of Vis grieve for you"?

(born January 30, 1925 in

) is an American inventor of

and

descent. As a

naval radio

based in the

, Engelbart was inspired by

's article "

". Engelbart received a

in electrical engineering from

in 1948, a B.Eng. from

in 1952, and a

in

from UC Berkeley in 1955. At

, Engelbart was the primary force behind the design and development of the

, or NLS. He and his team at the

developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, groupware,

and precursors to the

. In 1967, Engelbart applied for and later received a

for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (

). Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. He would also work on the

, the precursor of the

. In later years he moved to the private firm Tymshare after SRI was transferred to the company.

took over the copany in 1982, and in 1986 he left the company. As of 2007, he is the director of his own company, the Bootstrap Institute, which founded in 1988 and located in

.

The following are images from various internet-related articles on Wikipedia.

• Image 4BBN Technologies

  TCP/IP Internet map of early 1986 (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 6

  Where the WEB was born (from

  History of the World Wide Web

  )

• Image 7

  First Internet demonstration, linking the

  ARPANET

  ,

  PRNET

  , and

  SATNET

  on November 22, 1977 (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 8

  Postage stamp of Azerbaijan (2004): 35 Years of the Internet, 1969–2004 (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 9

  The "message block", designed by

  Paul Baran

  in 1962 and refined in 1964, is the first proposal of a

  data packet

  . (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 10Stamped envelope

  of

  Russian Post

  issued in 1993 with stamp and graphics dedicated to first Russian

  underwater digital optic cable

  laid in 1993 by

  Rostelecom

  from

  Kingisepp

  to

  Copenhagen

  (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 11

  Internet Connectivity Access layer (from

  Internet access

  )

• Image 12

  Map of the

  TCP/IP

  test network in February 1982 (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 13

  The digital divide measured in terms of bandwidth is not closing, but fluctuating up and down. Gini coefficients for telecommunication capacity (in kbit/s) among individuals worldwide (from

  Internet access

  )

• Image 14

  Wi-Fi range diagram (from

  Internet access

  )

• Image 15

  1997 advertisement in

  State Magazine

  by the US

  State Department Library

  for sessions introducing the then-unfamiliar Web (from

  History of the World Wide Web

  )

• Image 16

  Broadband affordability in 2011

  This map presents an overview of broadband affordability, as the relationship between average yearly income per capita and the cost of a broadband subscription (data referring to 2011). Source: Information Geographies at the Oxford Internet Institute.

  (from

  Internet access

  )

• Image 17

  Satellite Internet access via

  VSAT

  in Ghana (from

  Internet access

  )

• Image 19

  The corridor where the World Wide Web was born, on the ground floor of building No. 1 at CERN (from

  History of the World Wide Web

  )

• Image 22

  T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992 (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 23

  Number of Internet hosts worldwide: 1969–2019

  Source:

  Internet Systems Consortium

  . (from

  History of the Internet

  )

• Image 24

  The

  NeXT Computer

  used by

  Tim Berners-Lee

  at

  CERN

  became the first Web server. (from

  History of the World Wide Web

  )

• Image 25

  Wi-Fi logo (from

  Internet access

  )

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