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Portal:Energy - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia portal for content related to Energy

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutually exclusive.

All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the sun. The energy industry provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from energy resources such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, and renewable energy. (Full article...)

Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972, showing elevated inflation-adjusted levels during 1974–1981 and 2005–2014

Petrodollar recycling is the international spending or investment of a country's revenues from petroleum exports ("petrodollars"). It generally refers to the phenomenon of major petroleum-exporting states, mainly the OPEC members plus Russia and Norway, earning more money from the export of crude oil than they could efficiently invest in their own economies. The resulting global interdependencies and financial flows, from oil producers back to oil consumers, can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars per year – including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies, some pegged to the U.S. dollar and some not. These flows are heavily influenced by government-level decisions regarding international investment and aid, with important consequences for both global finance and petroleum politics. The phenomenon is most pronounced during periods when the price of oil is historically high.

The term petrodollar was coined in the early 1970s during the oil crisis, and the first major petrodollar surge (1974–1981) resulted in more financial complications than the second (2005–2014). (Full article...)

More selected articles

Photo credit: Senior Airman Joshua Strang, United States Air Force
An aurora, caused by the release of energy as charged particles collide with atoms in the Earth's upper atmosphere.

A compact fluorescent lamp

Buildings constructed to the German Passivhaus standard use 75% to 95% less energy for space heating and cooling than current new buildings in the United States?

Estonia generates more than 90% of its electrical power from oil shale?

Crossing 4,000 km (2,500 miles), the Druzhba pipeline is the world's longest oil pipeline?

Coal is ground to a powder before being burnt in fossil fuel power plants?

Compact fluorescent lamps (pictured) use about 1/4 of the energy of normal incandescent light bulbs, and pay for themselves after about 500 hours of use?

Nuclear power in France produces 78% of all the country's electricity - more than in any other nation?

Positive lightning bolts are typically six to ten times more powerful than normal lightning — and aircraft are not designed to withstand them?

Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy which permeates all of space?

James Watt

(19 January 1736 – 19 August 1819) was a

Scottish inventor

and

engineer

. His improvements to the

steam engine

, which had hardly changed for fifty years, produced a source of power that transformed the world of work, and was the key innovation that brought forth the

Industrial Revolution

In recognition of Watt's achievements, the SI unit of power, the watt, is named after him.

James Watt was born on 19th of January, 1736 in Greenock, a seaport on the Firth of Clyde. His father was a shipwright, shipowner and contractor, while his mother, Agnes Muirhead, came from a distinguished family and was well-educated. Both were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters. Watt attended school irregularly and instead was mostly schooled at home by his mother.

After studying instrument-making for a year in London, the University of Glasgow offered him the opportunity to set up a small workshop within the university. It was established in 1757. After four years, Watt began to experiment with steam, finally producing a working model steam engine in 1765. Strapped for resources to develop a full-scale engine, Watt was forced to take up employment as a surveyor for eight years. Finally, in 1776, the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises.

After further improvements, Watt and foundry owner Matthew Boulton established Boulton and Watt in 1794 to exclusively manufacture steam engines. By 1824 it had produced 1,164 steam engines having a total nominal horsepower of about 26,000.

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1
Africa and Middle East (from
Solar power
)
Image 2Anacortes Refinery
, on the north end of March Point southeast of
Anacortes, Washington
, United States (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 3
The
Warwick Castle
water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 4
A micro-hydro facility in
Vietnam
(from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 5
Growth of worldwide nuclear power generation (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 6
Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from
Solar power
)
Image 7
Anti-nuclear protest near
nuclear waste disposal centre
at
Gorleben
in northern Germany (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 8Dry cask storage
vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 9
The
Ikata Nuclear Power Plant
, a
pressurized water reactor
that cools by using a secondary coolant
heat exchanger
with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large
cooling towers
(from
Nuclear power
)
Image 10
Electricity production by source (from
Solar power
)
Image 11
Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from
Natural gas
)
Image 12
A pipeline odorant injection station (from
Natural gas
)
Image 14
Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the
Limestone Generating Station
in
Manitoba
,
Canada
(from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 17
Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2024 (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 18
Oil refinery in Iran (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 19
The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a
nuclear power plant
. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In
nuclear reprocessing
, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 20Crude oil
is separated into fractions by
fractional distillation
. The fractions at the top of the
fractionating column
have lower
boiling points
than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often
cracked
into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 21
A comparison of prices over time for energy from nuclear fission and from other sources. Over the presented time, thousands of wind turbines and similar were built on assembly lines in mass production resulting in an economy of scale. While nuclear remains bespoke, many first of their kind facilities added in the timeframe indicated and none are in serial production.
Our World in Data
notes that this cost is the global
average
, while the 2 projects that drove nuclear pricing upwards were in the US. The organization recognises that the
median
cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean
APR1400
, remained "constant", including in export.

LCOE is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime. As a metric, it remains controversial as the lifespan of units are not independent but manufacturer projections, not a demonstrated longevity.
(from
Nuclear power
)
Image 22
Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and
radiopharmaceutical
refinement is conducted within remote-handled
hot cells
. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 23
Map of solar resources from World bank (from
Solar power
)
Image 24
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by
IPCC
(from
Nuclear power
)
Image 25Global energy usage
is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the
least developed countries
in Africa. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 26
The town of
Pripyat
abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the
Chernobyl New Safe Confinement
arch in the distance (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 27
The
Hoover Dam
in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of
2,080 MW
. (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 28Honda Civic GX
, a natural gas-powered automobile sold in North America from 1998 to 2015 (from
Natural gas
)
Image 29
Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of
wind energy
,
nuclear energy
or
solar energy
(rectangles barely visible in chart). (from
Natural gas
)
Image 30
Deaths caused as a result of
fossil fuel
use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 31
Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 32
Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from
Natural gas
)
Image 33
Fire-extinguishing operations after the
Texas City refinery explosion
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 34
The 120-
MW_e Nesjavellir
power station in southwest Iceland (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 35
Natural gas processing plant in
Aderklaa
, Lower Austria (from
Natural gas
)
Image 36
Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp.
Biogas
produced from
biomass
is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 37
Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be
zero-emissions vehicles
. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 38
Buildings in the
Solar Settlement at Schlierberg
, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 39
Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2023 (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 40
By 2025, investment in the energy transition had grown to about twice that for
fossil fuels
(oil, natural gas and coal). (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 41
Yearly hydro generation by continent (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 42
Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 43
Russia was a key
oil and gas supplier to Europe
(map from 2013). This changed with the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
in 2022. (from
Energy policy
)
Image 44Guri Dam
, a hydroelectric dam in
Venezuela
(from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 45
The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from
Solar power
)
Image 46
Sample of
gasoline
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 48Olkiluoto 3
under construction in 2009. It was the first
EPR
, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 49
Share of electricity production from nuclear, 2024 (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 50
Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations. By 2025, investment in the energy transition had grown to about twice that for
fossil fuels
(oil, natural gas and coal). (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 51
Australia (from
Solar power
)
Image 53
Pile of
asphalt
-covered aggregate for formation into
asphalt concrete
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 54
South America (from
Solar power
)
Image 55
Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity. (from
Solar power
)
Image 56
Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 57
Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the
renewable energy transition
. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 58
Pico hydroelectricity in
Mondulkiri
,
Cambodia
(from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 60
Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 61
Geothermal power center in the
Usulután Department
,
El Salvador
(from
Geothermal power
)
Image 63
The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at
EBR-1
at
Argonne National Laboratory
-West, December 20, 1951. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 64
Refinery of
Slovnaft
in
Bratislava
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 65
Cracks at the historic Town Hall of
Staufen im Breisgau
presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 66
A woman in rural
Rajasthan
, India, collects firewood. The
use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking
causes millions of deaths each year from
indoor
and outdoor
air pollution
. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 67Net metering
, unlike a
feed-in tariff
, requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. (from
Solar power
)
Image 68
A
parabolic collector
concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from
Solar power
)
Image 69Nuclear waste flasks
generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
(WIPP) in
New Mexico
. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 70
Oil refinery in
Brod
,
Republika Srpska
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 71
Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from
Natural gas
)
Image 72
Schematics of a grid-connected residential
PV power system
(from
Solar power
)
Image 73
The launching ceremony of
USS Nautilus
January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the
North Pole
. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 74
Part of the
Senftenberg Solarpark
, a solar
photovoltaic
power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of
Senftenberg
, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from
Solar power
)
Image 75
Proportions of the isotopes
uranium-238
(blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in
enriched uranium
for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while
CANDU
reactors work with natural uranium. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 76
The location of
shale gas
compared to other types of gas deposits (from
Natural gas
)
Image 77
The
Ffestiniog Power Station
can generate
360 MW
of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 78Passive cooling
features, such as these
windcatcher
towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 79
The
Three Gorges Dam
in
Central China
is the
world's largest
power-producing facility of any kind. (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 80
Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of the
Southern Gas Corridor
, which connects the giant
Shah Deniz gas field
in
Azerbaijan
to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from
Energy policy
)
Image 81
Yearly geothermal generation by continent (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 82
Sample of
diesel fuel
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 83
Schematic of the
ITER tokamak
under construction in France (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 84
Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 85
The guided-missile cruiser USS Monterey (CG 61) receives fuel at sea (FAS) from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73). (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 86
Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 88
The warming influence (called
radiative forcing
) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from
Natural gas
)
Image 89
Typical composition of
uranium dioxide
fuel before and after approximately three years in the
once-through nuclear fuel cycle
of a
LWR
(from
Nuclear power
)
Image 90
A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 91Peoples Gas
Manlove Field
natural gas storage
area in
Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois
. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from
Natural gas
)
Image 92
Sample of
crude oil
(petroleum) (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 93
For cooking,
electric induction stoves
are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 94
The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 95
Sample of
kerosene
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 96
North America (from
Solar power
)
Image 97
Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in
Kyiv
,
Ukraine
(from
Natural gas
)
Image 98Enhanced geothermal system
1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock (from
Geothermal power
)
Image 99
Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from
Solar power
)
Image 100Baton Rouge Refinery
(the sixth-largest in the
United States
) (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 101
World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in
sub-Saharan Africa
and the
Indian subcontinent
(from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 102
Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from
Natural gas
)
Image 103
Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from
Natural gas
)
Image 104
Yearly solar generation by continent (from
Solar power
)
Image 105
The share of electricity production from solar, 2024 (from
Solar power
)
Image 106
Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural
uranium ore
over time (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 107Merowe Dam
in
Sudan
. Hydroelectric power stations that use
dams
submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a
reservoir
. These changes to land color or
albedo
, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent
life-cycle greenhouse gases
of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 108
United States and
USSR
/Russian
nuclear weapons
stockpiles, 1945–2006. The
Megatons to Megawatts Program
was the main driving force behind the sharp reduction in the quantity of nuclear weapons worldwide since the cold war ended. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 109
A geothermal power station in
Negros Oriental
,
Philippines
(from
Geothermal power
)
Image 110Nuclear fuel
assemblies being inspected before entering a
pressurized water reactor
in the United States (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 111
Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from
Solar power
)
Image 112
The oil refinery in
Haifa, Israel
, is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of
crude oil
a year. Its two
cooling towers
are landmarks of the city's skyline. (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 113Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System
with all three towers under load (from
Solar power
)
Image 114Jamnagar Refinery
, the world's largest oil refinery, in
Gujarat
,
India
(from
Oil refinery
)
Image 116
The outdoor section of a
heat pump
. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 117
Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (from
Solar power
)
Image 118Neste Oil
refinery in
Porvoo
, Finland (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 119Natural gas extraction by countries
in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from
Natural gas
)
Image 120
Europe (from
Solar power
)
Image 121Polyethylene
plastic
main
being placed in a
trench
(from
Natural gas
)
Image 122
Reactor
decay heat
as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the
Fukushima accident
. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 123
Hydro generation by country, 2021 (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 124
Countries by
natural gas proven reserves
(2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from
Natural gas
)
Image 125
Natural gas bus in
Salamanca
, Spain (from
Natural gas
)
Image 126
Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in
Užice
,
Serbia
, built in 1900 (from
Hydroelectricity
)
Image 127
Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from
Oil refinery
)
Image 128
The
Calder Hall nuclear power station
in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 129
Natural gas
drilling rig
in Texas, US (from
Natural gas
)
Image 130Thomas Young
- the first to use the term "energy" to refer to kinetic energy in its modern sense, in 1802. (from
History of energy
)
Image 131Utility cycling
infrastructure, such as this
bike lane
in
Vancouver
, encourages sustainable transport. (from
Sustainable energy
)
Image 133
South and South-East Asia (from
Solar power
)
Image 134
Wind turbines in
Xinjiang
, China
Image 135
Following the 2011
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
, the world's worst
nuclear accident
since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after
radiation
leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from
Nuclear power
)
Image 137
Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in
Larderello
, Italy
Image 138
A gas bill from
Baltimore
, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from
Natural gas
)
Image 139
The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas. (from
Natural gas
)

"The world's second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases is China. Yet, China was entirely exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. India and Germany are among the top emitters. Yet, India was also exempt from Kyoto." – George W. Bush, 2001
"The newly industrialized States cannot, for example, be asked to apply restrictive environmental standards to their emerging industries unless the industrialized States first apply them within their own boundaries." – Pope John Paul II, 1990
"We should work together to make sure the international community upholds the goals and framework established in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities." – Hu Jintao, 2007

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