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Penfluridol - Wikipedia
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Chemical compound
Pharmaceutical compound
Penfluridol (Semap, Micefal, Longoperidol) is a highly potent, first generation diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotic.[2] It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1968.[3] Related to other diphenylbutylpiperidine antipsychotics, pimozide and fluspirilene, penfluridol has an extremely long elimination half-life and its effects last for many days after single oral dose. Its antipsychotic potency, in terms of dose needed to produce comparable effects, is similar to both haloperidol and pimozide. It is only slightly sedative, but often causes extrapyramidal side-effects, such as akathisia, dyskinesiae and pseudo-Parkinsonism. Penfluridol is indicated for antipsychotic treatment of chronic schizophrenia and similar psychotic disorders, it is, however, like most typical antipsychotics, being increasingly replaced by the atypical antipsychotics. Due to its extremely long-lasting effects, it is often prescribed to be taken orally as tablets only once a week (q 7 days). The once-weekly dose is usually 10–60 mg. A 2006 systematic review examined the use of penfluridol for people with schizophrenia:
Penfluridol compared to typical antipsychotics (oral) for schizophrenia[4] Summary Although there are shortcomings and gaps in the data, there appears to be enough overall consistency for different outcomes. The effectiveness and adverse effects profile of penfluridol are similar to other typical antipsychotics; both oral and depot. Furthermore, penfluridol is shown to be an adequate treatment option for people with schizophrenia, especially those who do not respond to oral medication on a daily basis and do not adapt well to depot drugs. One of the results favouring penfluridol was a lower drop out rate in medium term when compared to depot medications. It is also an option for people with long-term schizophrenia with residual psychotic symptoms who nevertheless need continuous use of antipsychotic medication. An additional benefit of penfluridol is that it is a low-cost intervention.[4] Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Global state No marked improvement (CGI)
Follow-up: 3 to 12 months Penfluridol does not clearly change the chance of experiencing 'no marked improvement' when compared with receiving typical antipsychotic drugs. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 0.92 (0.68 to 1.24) Low Global state - needing additional antipsychotic
Follow-up: less than 3 months There is no clear difference between people given penfluridol and those receiving typical antipsychotics. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 1.35 (0.90 to 2.01) Low Mental state Average score (BPRS)
Follow-up: 3 to 12 months On average, people receiving penfluridol scored higher than people treated with typical antipsychotics (oral) but there was no clear difference between the groups and this finding is based on data of low quality. The meaning of this in day-to-day care is unclear. MD 1.24 higher (4.4 lower to 6.88 higher) Low Adverse events Needing antiparkinsonism medication
Follow-up: less than 3 months There is no clear difference between people given penfluridol and those receiving typical antipsychotics (oral). These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 1.09 (0.61 to 1.97) Low Insomnia
Follow-up: less than 3 months There is no clear difference between people given penfluridol and those receiving typical antipsychotics (oral). These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 1.07 (0.51 to 2.24) Low No study reported any data on outcomes such as quality of life and information relating to time in services
- Benkert O, Hippius H (1976). Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-07916-5.
Acetylcholine receptor modulators
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators mAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors Agonists
Antagonists
- 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
- 4-DAMP
- Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol)
- Abediterol
- AF-DX 250
- AF-DX 384
- Ambutonium bromide
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)
- AQ-RA 741
- Atropine
- Atropine methonitrate
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine)
- Benactyzine
- Benzatropine (benztropine)
- Benzilone
- Benzilylcholine mustard
- Benzydamine
- Bevonium
- BIBN 99
- Biperiden
- Bornaprine
- Camylofin
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- Caramiphen
- Cimetropium bromide
- Clidinium bromide
- Cloperastine
- CS-27349
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentolate
- Darifenacin
- DAU-5884
- Desfesoterodine
- Dexetimide
- DIBD
- Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
- Dihexyverine
- Difemerine
- Diphemanil metilsulfate
- Ditran
- Drofenine
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Emepronium bromide
- Etanautine
- Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
- Fenpiverinium
- Fentonium bromide
- Fesoterodine
- Flavoxate
- Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine)
- Hexahydrodifenidol
- Hexahydrosiladifenidol
- Hexbutinol
- Hexocyclium
- Himbacine
- HL-031,120
- Homatropine
- Imidafenacin
- Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol)
- Isopropamide
- J-104,129
- Hyoscyamine
- Mamba toxin 3
- Mamba toxin 7
- Mazaticol
- Mebeverine
- Meladrazine
- Mepenzolate
- Methantheline
- Methoctramine
- Methylatropine
- Methylhomatropine
- Methylscopolamine
- Metixene
- Muscarinic toxin 7
- N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
- N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
- Nefopam
- Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
- Orphenadrine
- Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
- Otilonium bromide
- Oxapium iodide
- Oxitropium bromide
- Oxybutynin
- Oxyphencyclimine
- Oxyphenonium bromide
- PBID
- PD-102,807
- PD-0298029
- Penthienate
- Pethidine
- pFHHSiD
- Phenglutarimide
- Phenyltoloxamine
- Pipenzolate bromide
- Piperidolate
- Pirenzepine
- Piroheptine
- Pizotifen
- Poldine
- Pridinol
- Prifinium bromide
- Procyclidine
- Profenamine (ethopropazine)
- Propantheline bromide
- Propiverine
- Quinidine
- 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
- Revefenacin
- Rociverine
- RU-47,213
- SCH-57,790
- SCH-72,788
- SCH-217,443
- Scopolamine (hyoscine)
- Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
- Silahexacyclium
- Sofpironium bromide
- Solifenacin
- SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)
- Telenzepine
- Terodiline
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- Tiemonium iodide
- Timepidium bromide
- Tiotropium bromide
- Tiquizium bromide
- Tofenacin
- Tolterodine
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine)
- Tridihexethyl
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Trimebutine
- Tripitamine (tripitramine)
- Tropacine
- Tropatepine
- Tropicamide
- Tropine benzilate
- Trospium chloride
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine)
- Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol)
- WIN-2299
- Xanomeline
- Zamifenacin
Precursors
(and prodrugs)
-
See also
-
Receptor/signaling modulators
-
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
-
Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Agonists
(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators)
- 5-HIAA
- 6-Chloronicotine
- A-84,543
- A-366,833
- A-582,941
- A-867,744
- ABT-202
- ABT-418
- ABT-560
- ABT-894
- Acetylcholine
- Altinicline
- Anabasine
- Anatabine
- Anatoxin-a
- AR-R17779
- Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
- Butinoline
- Butyrylcholine
- Carbachol
- Choline
- Choline m-bromophenyl ether
- Cotinine
- Cytisine
- Decamethonium
- Desformylflustrabromine
- Dianicline
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Ethanol (alcohol)
- Ethoxysebacylcholine
- EVP-4473
- EVP-6124
- Galantamine
- GTS-21
- Ispronicline
- Ivermectin
- JNJ-39393406
- Levamisole
- Lobeline
- MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
- Morantel
- Nicotine (tobacco)
- NS-1738
- PHA-543,613
- PHA-709,829
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-282,987
- Pozanicline
- Pyrantel
- Rivanicline
- RJR-2429
- Sazetidine A
- SB-206553
- Sebacylcholine
- SIB-1508Y
- SIB-1553A
- SSR-180,711
- Suberyldicholine
- Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
- Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
- TC-1698
- TC-1734
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- TC-5214
- TC-5619
- TC-6683
- Tebanicline
- Tribendimidine
- Tropisetron
- UB-165
- Varenicline
- WAY-317,538
- XY-4083
Antagonists
(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators)
Precursors
(and prodrugs)
-
See also
-
Receptor/signaling modulators
-
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
-
Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
Dopamine receptor modulators D1-like Agonists
PAMs
Antagonists
D2-like Agonists
Antagonists
Histamine receptor modulators H1 Agonists
Antagonists
- Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
- Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene)
H2 Agonists
Antagonists
H3 Agonists
Antagonists
H4 Agonists
Antagonists
-
See also
-
Receptor/signaling modulators
-
Monoamine metabolism modulators
-
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
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