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Family of voting systems
Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party listsParty-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a system of proportional representation based on preregistered political parties, with each party being allocated a certain number of seats roughly proportional to their share of the vote.[1]
In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in Spain, Turkey, and Israel (closed lists); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to parties, as in Finland, Brazil, and the Netherlands (mixed single vote or panachage).[2][3]
In most party list systems, a voter will only support one party (a choose-one ballot). Open list systems may allow voters to support more than one candidate within a party list. Some open-list systems allow voters to support different candidates across multiple lists, which is called panachage.
Selection of party candidates[edit]The order in which a party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party or the candidates (a closed list system) or it may be determined by the voters at large (an open list system) or by districts (a local list system).
In a closed list system, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list will always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. Voters vote only for the party, not for individual candidates.
An open list describes any variant of a party-list where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. Open lists can be anywhere from relatively closed, where a candidate can move up a predetermined list only with a certain number of votes, to completely open, where the order of the list completely depends on the number of votes each individual candidate gets.[4]
Apportionment of party seats[edit]Many variations on seat allocation within party-list proportional representation exist. Different apportionment methods may favor smaller or larger parties:[5]
The apportionment methods can be classified into two categories:
While the allocation formula is important, equally important is the district magnitude (number of seats in a constituency). The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes, with the most proportional results being when there is no division into constituencies at all and the entire country is treated as a single constituency.[citation needed] In some countries the electoral system works on two levels: at-large for parties, and in constituencies for candidates, with local party-lists seen as fractions of general, national lists. In this case, magnitude of local constituencies is irrelevant, seat apportionment being calculated at national level.
List proportional representation may also be combined with other apportionment methods in various mixed systems, using either additional member systems or parallel voting.
Below it can be seen how different apportionment methods yield different results when apportioning 100 seats.
Webster's method yields the same result (though this is not always the case). Otherwise, all other methods give a different number of seats to the parties.
Notice how the D'Hondt method breaks the quota rule (shown in red text) and favors the largest party by "rounding" an ideal apportionment of 35.91 up to 37.
Adams' method greatly favors smaller parties, giving 2 seats to the smallest party, and would give at least 1 seat to every party receiving at least one vote.
Electoral threshold[edit] List of countries using party-list proportional representation[edit]Countries with party-list proportional representation (closed list)
Countries with party-list proportional representation (open list)
Countries with party-list proportional representation (partially open list)
Countries with
Panachage, a form of open-list party-list proportional representation
The table below lists countries that use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body. Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network.[7][8] Countries using PR as part of a parallel voting (mixed-member majoritarian) or other mixed system (e.g. MMP) are not included.
Country Legislative body List type Variation of open lists(if applicable)
Apportionment method Electoral threshold Constituencies Governmental system Notes Albania Parliament (Kuvendi) Open list d'Hondt method 4% nationally or 2.5% in a district Counties Parliamentary republic Algeria People's National Assembly Open list Hare quota 5% of votes in respective district.[9] Semi-presidential republic Angola National Assembly Closed list—
d'Hondt method [citation needed] 5 member districts and nationwide Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency Double simultaneous vote use to elect the President and the National Assembly at the same election. Argentina Chamber of Deputies Closed list—
d'Hondt method 3% of registered voters Provinces Presidential republic Armenia National Assembly Open list D'Hondt method 5% (parties), 7% (blocs) Parliamentary republic Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.[10][11] If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties. Closed list—
Aruba Parliament Open list D'Hondt method Austria National Council Open list More open:10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party)
Hare quota Federal states (Länder) Open list More open: 7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party) d'Hondt method Single federal (nationwide) constituency Belgium Chamber of Representative Open list D'Hondt method 5% Constituencies Constitutional monarchy Bénin National Assembly Closed list—
Largest remainder method 10% Constituencies Presidential republic Bolivia Chamber of Senators Closed list—
d'Hondt method Departments Presidential republic Ballots use the double simultaneous vote: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed) Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representative Open list Sainte-Laguë method Parliamentary directorial republic Brazil Chamber of Deputies Open list D'Hondt method 2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them States and Federal District Presidential republic Bulgaria National Assembly Open list Hare quota 4% Constituencies Parliamentary republic Cape Verde Closed list—
Chile Open list Colombia Chamber of Representatives Closed list—
Unitary presidential republic Senate Closed list—
Costa Rica Closed list—
Croatia Open list 5% Cyprus Open list Czech Republic Open list 5% Denmark Open list 2% Dominican Republic Closed list—
Ecuador National Congress Closed list—
Sainte-Laguë method El Salvador Legislative Assembly Open list D'Hondt method Estonia Open list 5% Faroe Islands Fiji Open list 5% Finland Open list Germany Bundestag Localized list Separate vote for candidates Only first place candidate may win seat (but not guaranteed to) 5% or 3 constituencies, first place for independents (only in constituencies) Constituencies (single-member) Federal parliamentary republic The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected.[12] Closed list—
Sainte-Laguë method Federal states (Länder) Greenland Open list Guatemala Closed list—
Guyana Closed list—
Honduras Open list Iceland Open list Indonesia House of Representative Open list Sainte-Laguë method 4% 3 to 10 members constituencies Presidential system Israel Closed list—
3.25% Kosovo Open list Sainte-Laguë method Latvia Open list Sainte-Laguë method 5% Lebanon Open list Liechtenstein Open list 8% Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies Open list Panachage (number of votes equal to the number of members elected) d'Hondt method No de jure threshold Four multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 23 members Parliamentary system Macedonia Closed list Moldova Parliament Closed list—
d'Hondt method 5% (party), 7% (electoral block), 2% (independent)[13] None—
3% Namibia Closed list—
Netherlands House of Representatives Open list More open—
5% Poland Sejm Open list d'Hondt method 5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities 41 multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 20 members Semi-presidential republic| Portugal Assembly of the Republic Closed list—
d'Hondt method No threshold Semi-presidential republic Romania Closed list—
San Marino Open list 3.5% If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a majority bonus. São Tomé and Príncipe Closed list—
Serbia Closed list—
3% Sierra Leone Sint Maarten Open list Slovakia Open list 5% Slovenia Open list Largest remainder (Droop quota) 4% d'Hondt method 4% South Africa Closed list—
Spain Congress of Deputies Closed list—
d'Hondt method 3% Provinces of Spain Parliamentary system Sri Lanka Parliament Open list—
? No threshold None—
Largest remainder method No threshold Constituencies Semi-presidential system Turkey Grand National Assembly Closed list—
d'Hondt method 7%. No threshold for independent candidates. Provinces of Turkey—
d'Hondt method No threshold Departments of Uruguay Presidential system Ballots use the double simultaneous vote, the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers Chamber of Senators None—
d'Hondt method No threshold Authoritarian regimes[edit]RetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue
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