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Metaphors We Live By - Wikipedia

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1980 book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson

Metaphors We Live By is a book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson published in 1980.[1][2] The book suggests metaphor is a tool that enables people to use what they know about their direct physical and social experiences to understand more abstract things like work, time, mental activity and feelings.

The book offered the first extensive exploration of conceptual metaphor and a detailed examination of its underlying processes. Since its publication, the field of metaphor studies within the larger discipline of cognitive linguistics has increasingly developed, with several annual academic conferences, scholarly societies, and research labs contributing to the subject-area. Some researchers, such as Gerard Steen, have worked to develop empirical investigative tools for metaphor research, including the metaphor identification procedure, or MIP.[3] In the field of psychology, Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., has investigated conceptual metaphor and embodiment through a number of psychological experiments. Other cognitive scientists, for example Gilles Fauconnier, study subjects similar to conceptual metaphor under the labels "analogy", "conceptual blending" and "ideasthesia".

Conceptual metaphors occur in language in everyday speech. Conceptual metaphors shape not just our communication - they may also shape the way we think and act.[4] In George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's work, Metaphors We Live By (1980), we see how everyday language is filled with metaphors we may not always notice. An example of one of the commonly used conceptual metaphors is "argument is war".[5]

Since its publication, people have used the ideas Lakoff and Johnson proposed to comment on a wide range of topics, from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States[6] to conspiracy theories.[7]

  1. ^ "Review of "Metaphors We Live By". norvig.com. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  2. ^ Arleo, Andy (1993). "George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors we live by". Cahiers de l'APLIUT. 12 (3): 106–108. doi:10.3406/apliu.1993.2856. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  3. ^ Steen, Gerard J.; Dorst, Aletta G.; Herrmann, J. Berenike; Kaal, Anna; Krennmayr, Tina; Pasma, Tryntje (23 June 2010). A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research, volume 14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027288158. OCLC 650090590. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  4. ^ Gibbs, Raymond W. (4 May 2017). Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9781107071148. Retrieved 20 April 2025. Conceptual analysis has provided an invaluable wealth of linguistic evidence on the metaphorical nature of human thought and action. [...] the linguistic evidence [...] must be acknowledged, and deeply studied, as debates continue on the nature of metaphoricity in human experience.
  5. ^ Lakoff and Johnson, Ch.1-3
  6. ^ Wise, Adina. "Military Metaphors Distort the Reality of COVID-19". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  7. ^ "Please, Please, Please Don't Mock Conspiracy Theories". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-07-12.

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