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List of utopian literature - Wikipedia
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This is a list of utopian literature. A utopia is a community or society possessing highly desirable or perfect qualities. It is a common literary theme, especially in speculative fiction and science fiction.
The word "utopia" was coined in Greek language by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, but the genre has roots dating back to antiquity. One reference has it that 1500 works of fiction that can be characterized as utopian were published between 1516 and 1975.[1]
Early "utopian" works[edit]
About 30 utopian novels were published in English in the 18th century.[23]
- Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe[4][24]
- A description of New Athens in Terra Australis incognita (1720) (a religious utopia)[25]
- Gulliver's Travels (1726) by Jonathan Swift[4]
- Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum (Niels Klim's Underground Travels) (1741) by Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg. Utopian novel incorporating Hollow earth beliefs. (Said to be inspiration for 1907 socialist community at Holberg, BC).
- The Adventures of Sig. Gaudentio di Lucca (1737) by Simon Berington[4]
- The Life and Adventures of Peter Wilkins (1751) by Robert Paltock[4]
- A General Idea of the College of Mirania (1753) by William Smith – Describes a Eutopian educational system. This is the earliest known utopia published in the United States.[26]
- A Vindication of Natural Society (1756) by Edmund Burke[4]
- Candide, ou l'Optimisme (1759) by Voltaire
- Rasselas (1759) by Samuel Johnson[4]
- Millenium Hall (1762) by Sarah Scott[4]
- An Account of the First Settlement ... of the Cessares (1764) by James Burgh[4]
- Memoirs of the Year Two Thousand Five Hundred (original title: L'An 2440, rêve s'il en fut jamais, which translates literally to The Year 2440: A Dream If Ever There Was One) (1771) by Louis-Sébastien Mercier[4]
- Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (1772) by Denis Diderot – A set of philosophical dialogues written by Denis Diderot, inspired by Louis Antoine de Bougainville's Voyage autour du monde. Diderot presents Bougainville's descriptions of Tahiti as a utopia, standing in contrast to European culture.[27]
- The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom (original title: Mikołaja Doświadczyńskiego przypadki) (1776) by Ignacy Krasicki[28]
- A Supplement to the History of Robinson Crusoe (1782) by [Thomas Spence]. (He was also author of Description of Spensonia (1795), The Constitution of a Perfect Commonwealth (1798), The Constitution of Spensonia (1801), and The receipt to make a millennium or happy world ([1805]).[29]
- Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) by William Godwin[4]
- Description of Spensonia (1795) by Thomas Spence[4]
A Crystal Age, by W.H. Hudson (1906 edition cover)
- Utopia; Or, the History of an Extinct Planet, Psychometrically Explained (1884) by Alfred Denton Cridge, son of Annie Denton Cridge. One of the earliest U.S. science fiction novels
- A Crystal Age (1887), by W.H. Hudson – An amateur ornithologist and botanist falls down a crevice, and wakes up centuries later, in a world where humans live in families, in harmony with each other and animals; but, where reproduction, emotions, and secondary sexual characteristics are repressed, except for the Alpha males and females.[36]
- Looking Backward (1888) by Edward Bellamy[37]
- The God of Civilization: A Romance (1890) by Minnie A. Weeks Pittock. A feminist utopian novel published under the pen name M. A. Pittock.
- Freeland (1890) by Theodor Hertzka
- Gloriana, or the Revolution of 1900 (1890) by Lady Florence Dixie – The female protagonist poses as a man, Hector l'Estrange, is elected to the House of Commons, and wins women the vote. The book ends in the year 1999, with a description of a prosperous and peaceful Britain governed by women.[38]
- News from Nowhere (1892) by William Morris – "Nowhere" is a place without politics, a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production.[39][citation needed]
- 2894, or The Fossil Man (A Midwinter Night's Dream) (1894) by Walter Browne
- A Traveler from Altruria (1894) by William Dean Howells
- Equality (1897) by Edward Bellamy
- In the New Capital (1897) by John Galbraith. set in 1897 Toronto and Ottawa, then main character time-travels to 1999 when a new Ottawa is operating under utopian socialist/single tax/temperance laws.[40][41]
- The Future State: Production and Consumption in the Socialist State. (Der Zukunftsstaat: Produktion und Konsum im Sozialstaat.) (1898) by Kārlis Balodis – he adopted the pseudonym Ballod-Atlanticus from Bacon's book Nova Atlantis (1627)
- NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages by Jack Adams – A feminist utopian science fiction novel printed in Topeka, Kansas in 1900.
- Sultana's Dream (1905) by Begum Rokeya – A Bengali feminist Utopian story about Lady-Land.
- A Modern Utopia (1905) by H. G. Wells – An imaginary, progressive utopia on a planetary scale in which the social and technological environment are in continuous improvement, a world state owns all land and power sources, positive compulsion and physical labor have been all but eliminated, general freedom is assured, and an open, voluntary order of "samurai" rules.[42]
- Beatrice the Sixteenth by Irene Clyde – A time traveller discovers a lost world, which is an egalitarian utopian postgender society.[43]
- The Millennium: A Comedy of the Year 2000 (1907) by Upton Sinclair. A novel in which capitalism finds its zenith with the construction of The Pleasure Palace. During the grand opening of this, an explosion kills everybody in the world except eleven of the people at the Pleasure Palace. The survivors struggle to rebuild their lives by creating a capitalistic society. After that fails, they attempt to create a successful utopian society "The Cooperative Commonwealth."[44]
- Red Star (novel) (1908) Red Star (Russian: Красная звезда) is Alexander Bogdanov's 1908 science fiction novel about a communist society on Mars. The first edition was published in St. Petersburg in 1908, before eventually being republished in Moscow and Petrograd in 1918, and then again in Moscow in 1922.
- Herland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman – An isolated society of women who reproduce asexually has established an ideal state that reveres education and is free of war and domination.
- The New Moon: A Romance of Reconstruction (1918) by Oliver Onions[45]
- The Islands of Wisdom (1922) by Alexander Moszkowski – In the novel various utopian and dystopian islands that embody social-political ideas of European philosophy are explored. The philosophies are taken to their extremes for their absurdities when they are put into practice. It also features an "island of technology" which anticipates mobile telephones, nuclear energy, a concentrated brief-language that saves discussion time and a thorough mechanization of life.
- Men Like Gods (1923) by H. G. Wells – Men and women in an alternative universe without world government in a perfected state of anarchy ("Our education is our government," a Utopian named Lion says;[46]) sectarian religion, like politics, has died away, and advanced scientific research flourishes; life is governed by "the Five Principles of Liberty," which are privacy, freedom of movement, unlimited knowledge, truthfulness, and freedom of discussion and criticism.[citation needed]
- Lost Horizon (1933) by James Hilton - British official and others crash-land and enter the mythical community of Shangri-La
- The Green Child (1935) by Herbert Read - A novel based around two utopian societies: the fictional South American country of Roncador, which the protagonist gradually transforms into an idealized rural republic; and a fantastical underground realm venerating solitary philosophical meditation and the inanimate perfection of crystals.
- For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs (1938, published in 2003) by Robert A. Heinlein – A futuristic utopian novel explaining practical views on love, freedom, drive, government and economics.[citation needed]
- Islandia (1942) by Austin Tappan Wright – An imaginary island in the Southern Hemisphere, a utopia containing many Arcadian elements, including a policy of isolation from the outside world and a rejection of industrialism.[citation needed]
- Walden Two (1948) by B. F. Skinner – A community in which every aspect of living is put to rigorous scientific testing. A professor and his colleagues question the effectiveness of the community started by an eccentric man named T.E. Frazier.[citation needed]
- The Noon Universe (1961-1985) by the Strugatsky Brothers. It has been argued that the Strugatsky Brothers created their own utopian ideology based on the primacy of science.[47] The series starts as a "socialist utopia" in which humanity has survived crises but still has problems. The conflict is between "the good and the better."[48] In the later books of the series the utopia gradually deconstructs.[49]
- Aria (2001–2008) by Kozue Amano – A manga and anime series set on terraformed version of the planet Mars in the 24th century. The main character, Akari, is a trainee gondolier working in the city of Neo-Venezia, based on modern-day Venice.[citation needed]
- Manna (2003) by Marshall Brain – Essay that explores several issues in modern information technology and user interfaces, including some around transhumanism. Some of its predictions, like the proliferation of automation and AI in the fast food industry, are becoming true. Second half of the book describes perfect Utopian society.[55]
- The Culture series by Iain M. Banks – A science fiction book series released from 1987 through 2012. The stories centre on The Culture, a utopian, post-scarcity space society of humanoid aliens, and advanced super-intelligent artificial intelligences living in artificial habitats. The main theme is of the dilemmas that an idealistic, more-advanced civilization faces in dealing with smaller, less-advanced civilizations that do not share its ideals, and some of whose behaviour it finds barbaric. In some of the stories, action takes place mainly in non-Culture environments, and the leading characters are often on the fringes of (or non-members of) the Culture.
- Uniorder: Build Yourself Paradise (2014), by Joe Oliver. Essay on how to build the Utopia of Thomas More by using computers.[56]
- Terra Ignota by Ada Palmer – A science fiction book series released from 2016 to 2021 drawing from renaissance humanism, the enlightenment, and the rationalist movement. Takes place in the year 2454, when the nation-state system has given way to a system of globe-spanning voluntary cultural collectives known as hives, each with their own set of laws and values.
- 'The Promise of Peace' (2020) by Esther Smith. A dystopian book that describes a corrupt Utopian government in the future. Several characters escape a compound with the help of an experienced guide. Smith plans to write a series of books under the title The Order of Utopia.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Giulia Sissa (2021). "The quest for the best. Praise, blame, utopia". In Destrée, Pierre; Opsomer, Jan; Roksam, Geert (eds.). Utopias in Ancient Thought. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter. pp. 1–40. ISBN 978-3-11-073820-9.
- ^ Russell, Bertrand (1945). History of Western Philosophy. Simon & Schuster. p. 97. ISBN 978-0671314002.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Claeys, Gregory, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139828420.
- ^ Bobonich, Chris; Meadows, Katherine (21 March 2013). "Plato on utopia". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ Pinheiro, Marilia P. Futre. (2006). Utopia and Utopias: a Study on a Literary Genre in Antiquity. In Authors, Authority and Interpreters in the Ancient Novel. Groningen: Barkhuis. (pp. 147–171). ISBN 907792213X.
- ^ Winston, David (November 1976). "Iambulus' Islands of the Sun and Hellenistic Literary Utopias". Science Fiction Studies.
- ^ Palandri, Angela Jung (1988). "The Taoist Vision. A Study of T'ao Yuan-Ming's Nature Poetry" (PDF). Journal of Chinese Philosophy. 15: 17–121.
- ^ Bakhsh, Alireza Omid (2013). "The Virtuous City: The Iranian and Islamic Heritage of Utopianism". Utopian Studies. 24 (1): 41–51. doi:10.5325/utopianstudies.24.1.0041. S2CID 146706033.
- ^ Quilligan, Maureen (1991). The Allegory of Female Authority: Christine de Pizan's Cité Des Dames. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801497884.
- ^ Sullivan, E. D. S., ed. (1983). The Utopian Vision: Seven Essays on the Quincentennial of Sir Thomas More. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University Press.
- ^ a b c d Davis, J. C. (1994). "Utopianism". In Burns, J. H. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477727.
- ^ a b Grendler, Paul F. (1965). "Utopia in Renaissance Italy: Doni's "New World"". Journal of the History of Ideas. 26 (4): 479–494. doi:10.2307/2708495. JSTOR 2708495.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Appelbaum, Robert (2013). "Utopia and Utopianism". In Hadfield, Andrew (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of English Prose 1500-1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191655074.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ René-Louis Doyon. (1933). Variations de l'Utopie.
- ^ Weinberger, J. (1976). "Science and Rule in Bacon's Utopia: An Introduction to the Reading of the New Atlantis". The American Political Science Review. 70 (3): 865–885. doi:10.2307/1959872. JSTOR 1959872. S2CID 147054723.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Boesky, Amy (1995). "Nation, miscegenation: membering utopia in Henry Neville's The Isle of Pines". Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 37: 165–84.
- ^ Aviles, Miguel A. Ramiro (2012). "Sinapia, A Political Journal to the Antipodes of Spain". In Aviles, Miguel; Davis, J. C. (eds.). Utopian Moments: Reading Utopian Texts. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781849668217.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Lenski, Noel E. Utopia and Community in the Ancient World. p. 26. ISBN 9780549508687. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Utopian Literature in English: An Annotated Bibliography From 1516 to the Present, by Lyman Tower Sargent, http://openpublishing.psu.edu/utopia/
- ^ McDonald, Christie V (1976). "The Reading and Writing of Utopia in Denis Diderot's "Supplement au voyage de Bougainville"". Fiction Studies. 3 (3): 248–254.
- ^ Bartoszyńska, Katarzyna. "Persuasive ironies: utopian readings of Swift and Krasicki." Comparative Literature Studies 50.4 (2013): 618-642.
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Lyman Tower Sargent, Themes in Utopian Fiction in English Before Wells. https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/sargent10art.htm accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Oved, Yaacov (1987). Two Hundred Years of American Communes. Transaction. p. 211. ISBN 9781412840552.
- ^ Kesten, Seymour R. (1996). Utopian Episodes: Daily Life in Experimental Colonies Dedicated to Changing the World. Syracuse University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780815603818.
- ^ Pleijel, Agneta, "About Fredrika Bremer", Årstasällskapet för Fredrika Bremer-studier, retrieved 22 January 2016.
- ^ Sparks, Jared; Everett, Edward; Lowell, James Russell; Lodge, Henry Cabot (October 1862). "Critical Notices: The Honest Man's Book of Finance and Politics: Showing the Cause and Cure of Artificial Poverty, Dearth of Employment, and Dullness of Trade". The North American Review. 95. O. Everett: 569. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ Ashley Garcia, "A HEALTHY PARADISE: ANNIE DENTON CRIDGE’S FEMINIST UTOPIA" https://commonplace.online/article/a-healthy-paradise/. accessed April 24, 2025
- ^ Novák, Caterina (31 December 2013). "Dreamers in dialogue: evolution, sex and gender in the utopian visions of William Morris and William Henry Hudson". Acta Neophilologica. 46 (1–2): 65–80. doi:10.4312/an.46.1-2.65-80.
- ^ "SparkNotes: Looking Backward: Analysis".
- ^ Gates, Barbara T. (ed.), In Nature's Name: An Anthology of Women's Writing and Illustration, 1780-1930 University of Chicago Press, 2002
- ^ Morris, William (2006) [1903]. The Earthly Paradise. Obscure Press. ISBN 1-84664-523-9.
- ^ https://penumbrapress.net/products/in-the-new-capital
- ^ Edmonton Bulletin, Dec. 7, 1907, p. 10
- ^ H.G. Wells, A Modern Utopia, ed. Mark R. Hillegas (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1967).
- ^ "Clyde, Irene". SFE. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ Sinclair, Upton (2017-12-19). The Millennium: A Comedy of the Year 2000. ISBN 9781609802615.
- ^ E. F. Bleiler and Richard Bleiler. Science-Fiction: The Early Years. Kent State University Press, 1990. (p.575-76). ISBN 9780873384162.
- ^ H. G. Wells, Men Like Gods, Book I, Ch. 5, Sect. 6.
- ^ Zanerv, Dmitrii (2016-10-01). "It's Easy to Be One of the Intelligentsia". Russian Studies in Literature. 52 (3–4): 282–302. doi:10.1080/10611975.2016.1264042. ISSN 1061-1975. S2CID 193699422.
- ^ "(Give Me That) Old-Time Socialist Utopia". The Paris Review. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
- ^ Givens, John (October 2011). "The Strugatsky Brothers and Russian Science Fiction: Editor's Introduction". Russian Studies in Literature. 47 (4): 3–6. doi:10.2753/RSL1061-1975470400. ISSN 1061-1975. S2CID 194160128.
- ^ Dennis Hevesi, "Ernest Callenbach, Author of ‘Ecotopia,’ Dies at 83", The New York Times, April 27, 2012.
- ^ Walton, Jo (21 September 2009). "Face or vase? Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time". Tor Books.
- ^ Van Belle, Douglas A. (2015). A Novel Approach to Politics: Introducing Political Science through Books, Movies, and Popular Culture. CQ Press. ISBN 9781483368481.
- ^ Fullbrook, Edward (2007). Real World Economics. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843313458.
- ^ BOOM A Journal of California, "The Boom interview: Kim Stanley Robinson", "Boom" Winter 2013, Vol. 3, No. 4, Interview conducted by Jon Christensen, Jan Goggans, and Ursula K. Heise.
- ^ Manna – the book integral text on Marshall Brain's website http://marshallbrain.com/manna1.htm
- ^ Entry on the Japanese National Diet Library: http://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I026253536-00
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