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Award and title created by the U.S. Congress
Award
US President George W. Bush with several of the 2005 National Medal of Arts awardeesThe National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984, for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts. A prestigious American honor, it is the highest honor given to artists and arts patrons by the United States government. Nominations are submitted to the National Council on the Arts, the advisory committee of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), who then submits its recommendations to the White House for the President of the United States to award.[1] The medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham.
In 1983, prior to the official establishment of the National Medal of Arts, through the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, President Ronald Reagan awarded a medal to artists and arts patrons.[2]
Recipients of the National Medal of Arts[edit]The National Medal of Arts was first awarded in 1985. The ceremony was not held in 2021 or 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic therefore the 2021 recipients were given the award in 2023.[3]
Year Name Area of Achievement 1985 Elliott Carter Jr. composer Ralph Ellison writer Jose Ferrer actor Martha Graham dancer, choreographer Louise Nevelson sculptor Georgia O'Keeffe painter Leontyne Price soprano Dorothy Buffum Chandler arts patron Lincoln Kirstein arts patron Paul Mellon arts patron Alice Tully arts patron Hallmark Cards corporate arts patron 1986 Marian Anderson contralto singer Frank Capra film director Aaron Copland composer Willem de Kooning painter Agnes de Mille choreographer Eva Le Gallienne actress, director, author Alan Lomax folklorist, scholar Lewis Mumford philosopher, literary critic Eudora Welty writer Dominique de Menil arts patron Exxon Corporation corporate arts patron Seymour H. Knox II arts patron 1987 Romare Bearden painter Ella Fitzgerald singer Howard Nemerov writer, scholar Alwin Nikolais dancer, choreographer Isamu Noguchi sculptor William Schuman composer Robert Penn Warren writer, poet J. W. Fisher arts patron Armand Hammer arts patron Frances Lewis arts patron Sydney Lewis arts patron 1988 Saul Bellow writer Helen Hayes actress Gordon Parks photographer, film director Ioeh Ming Pei architect Jerome Robbins dancer, choreographer Rudolf Serkin pianist Virgil Thomson composer, music critic Sydney Freedberg art historian, curator Roger L. Stevens arts administrator Brooke Astor arts patron Francis Goelet music patron Obert Clark Tanner arts patron 1989 Leopold Adler preservationist, civic leader Katherine Dunham dancer, choreographer Alfred Eisenstaedt photographer Martin Friedman museum director Leigh Gerdine arts patron, civic leader John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie jazz trumpeter Walker Hancock sculptor Vladimir Horowitz pianist (posthumous) Czesław Miłosz writer Robert Motherwell painter John Updike writer Dayton Hudson Corporation corporate arts patron Year Name Area of Achievement 1990 George Abbott producer Hume Cronyn actor Jessica Tandy actress Merce Cunningham choreographer & dance company director Jasper Johns painter & sculptor Jacob Lawrence painter B. B. King blues musician David Lloyd Kreeger arts patron Harris & Carroll Sterling Masterson arts patrons Ian McHarg landscape architect Beverly Sills opera singer Southeastern Bell Corporation corporate arts patron 1991 Maurice Abravanel music director & conductor Roy Acuff country singer Pietro Belluschi architect J. Carter Brown museum director Charles "Honi" Coles tap dancer John O. Crosby opera director, conductor, administrator Richard Diebenkorn painter R. Philip Hanes arts patron Kitty Carlisle Hart actress, singer & arts administrator Pearl Primus choreographer & anthropologist Isaac Stern violinist Texaco corporate arts patron 1992 Marilyn Horne opera singer James Earl Jones actor Allan Houser sculptor Minnie Pearl comedian Robert Saudek television producer, Museum of Broadcasting founding director Earl Scruggs banjo player Robert Shaw orchestra conductor, choral director Billy Taylor jazz pianist Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown architects Robert Wise director AT&T corporate arts patron Lila Wallace Reader's Digest Fund foundation arts patron 1993 Walter and Leonore Annenberg arts patrons Cabell "Cab" Calloway singer & bandleader Ray Charles singer & musician Bess Lomax Hawes folklorist Stanley Kunitz poet & educator Robert Merrill baritone Arthur Miller playwright Robert Rauschenberg artist Lloyd Richards theatrical director William Styron writer Paul Taylor dancer & choreographer Billy Wilder director, writer & producer 1994 Harry Belafonte singer & actor Dave Brubeck jazz musician Celia Cruz singer Dorothy DeLay violin teacher Julie Harris actress Erick Hawkins choreographer Gene Kelly actor & dancer Pete Seeger composer, lyricist, vocalist, banjo player Catherine Filene Shouse arts patron Wayne Thiebaud artist, teacher Richard Wilbur poet, teacher, critic, literary translator Young Audiences arts presenter 1995 Licia Albanese opera singer Gwendolyn Brooks poet B. Gerald and Iris Cantor arts patrons Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee actors David Diamond composer James Ingo Freed architect Bob Hope entertainer Roy Lichtenstein painter, sculptor Arthur Mitchell dancer, choreographer Bill Monroe bluegrass musician Urban Gateways arts education organization 1996 Edward Albee playwright Sarah Caldwell opera conductor Harry Callahan photographer Zelda Fichandler theater director, producer, educator Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero composer, musician Lionel Hampton musician, bandleader Bella Lewitzky dancer, choreographer, teacher Vera List arts patron Robert Redford actor, director, producer Maurice Sendak writer, illustrator, designer Stephen Sondheim composer, lyricist Boys Choir of Harlem performing arts youth group 1997 Louise Bourgeois sculptor Betty Carter jazz vocalist Agnes Gund arts patron Daniel Urban Kiley landscape architect Angela Lansbury actress James Levine opera conductor, pianist Tito Puente Latin percussionist, musician Jason Robards actor Edward Villella dancer, choreographer Doc Watson bluegrass guitarist, vocalist MacDowell Colony artist colony 1998 Jacques d'Amboise dancer, choreographer, educator Antoine "Fats" Domino rock 'n' roll pianist, singer Ramblin' Jack Elliott folk singer, songwriter Frank Gehry architect Barbara Handman arts advocate Agnes Martin visual artist Gregory Peck actor, producer Roberta Peters opera singer Philip Roth writer Sara Lee Corporation corporate arts patron Steppenwolf Theatre Company arts organization Gwen Verdon actress, dancer 1999 Irene Diamond arts patron Aretha Franklin singer Michael Graves architect, designer Odetta singer, music historian The Juilliard School performing arts school Norman Lear producer, writer, director, advocate Rosetta LeNoire actress, producer Harvey Lichtenstein arts administrator Lydia Mendoza singer George Segal sculptor Maria Tallchief ballerina Year Name Area of Achievement 2000 Maya Angelou poet, writer Eddy Arnold country singer Mikhail Baryshnikov dancer & director Benny Carter jazz musician Chuck Close painter Horton Foote playwright, screenwriter Lewis Manilow arts patron National Public Radio, cultural programming division broadcaster Claes Oldenburg sculptor Itzhak Perlman violinist Harold Prince theater director, producer Barbra Streisand actress, singer & director 2001 Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation modern dance company and school Rudolfo Anaya writer Johnny Cash singer & songwriter Kirk Douglas actor Helen Frankenthaler painter Judith Jamison artistic director, choreographer, dancer Yo-Yo Ma cellist Mike Nichols director, producer 2002 Florence Knoll Bassett architect Trisha Brown artistic director, choreographer, dancer Philippe de Montebello museum director Uta Hagen actress, drama teacher Lawrence Halprin landscape architect Al Hirschfeld artist, illustrator George Jones singer Ming Cho Lee theater designer William "Smokey" Robinson songwriter, musician 2003 Austin City Limits PBS television program Beverly Cleary writer Rafe Esquith arts educator Suzanne Farrell dancer, choreographer, company director, educator Buddy Guy blues musician Ron Howard actor, director & producer Mormon Tabernacle Choir choral group Leonard Slatkin symphony orchestra conductor George Strait country singer, songwriter Tommy Tune dancer, actor, choreographer, director 2004 Andrew W. Mellon Foundation philanthropic foundation Ray Bradbury author Carlisle Floyd opera composer Frederick Hart sculptor (posthumous) Anthony Hecht poet John Ruthven wildlife artist Vincent Scully architectural historian & educator Twyla Tharp contemporary dance choreographer 2005 Louis Auchincloss author James DePreist symphony orchestra conductor Paquito D'Rivera jazz musician Robert Duvall actor Leonard Garment arts advocate Ollie Johnston pioneering film animator & artist Wynton Marsalis jazz musician & educator Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts arts education Tina Ramirez dancer & choreographer Dolly Parton singer & songwriter 2006 William Bolcom composer Cyd Charisse actress & dancer Roy DeCarava photographer Wilhelmina Holladay arts patron Interlochen Center for the Arts summer arts camp and winter arts focused boarding high school Erich Kunzel conductor Preservation Hall Jazz Band jazz ensemble Gregory Rabassa literary translator Viktor Schreckengost industrial designer/sculptor Ralph Stanley bluegrass musician 2007 Morten Lauridsen composer N. Scott Momaday author Craig Noel director Roy Neuberger arts patron Les Paul electric guitar pioneer Henry Z. Steinway arts patron George Tooker painter Lionel Hampton Jazz Festival (University of Idaho) music festival Andrew Wyeth painter 2008 Stan Lee comic book writer, editor Richard M. Sherman songwriter Robert B. Sherman songwriter Olivia de Havilland actress Hank Jones jazz pianist Jesús Moroles sculptor Ford's Theatre Society historic theatre organization Fisk Jubilee Singers, (Fisk University) African American choral group José Limón Dance Foundation dance troupe The Presser Foundation music philanthropy organization 2009 Bob Dylan singer & songwriter Clint Eastwood actor & director Milton Glaser graphic designer Maya Lin artist & architect Rita Moreno actress Jessye Norman operatic soprano Joseph P. Riley Jr. mayor Frank Stella artist Michael Tilson Thomas conductor John Williams composer, conductor & pianist Oberlin Conservatory of Music School of American Ballet Year Name Area of Achievement 2010 Robert Brustein theater director & producer Van Cliburn classical pianist Mark di Suvero sculptor Donald Hall poet Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival Quincy Jones composer & music producer Harper Lee novelist Sonny Rollins jazz musician Meryl Streep actress James Taylor singer & songwriter 2011 Will Barnet artist Rita Dove poet Al Pacino actor Emily Rauh Pulitzer arts patron Martin Puryear sculptor Mel Tillis singer & songwriter United Service Organization (USO) provides programs and entertainment to the U.S. military and their families André Watts classical pianist 2012 Herb Alpert musician Lin Arison arts education advocate Joan Myers Brown dancer, choreographer and artistic director Renée Fleming opera singer Ernest Gaines author & teacher Ellsworth Kelly artist Tony Kushner playwright George Lucas film director Elaine May actress & director Laurie Olin landscape architect Allen Toussaint composer, producer and performer Washington Performing Arts Society arts presenter 2013 Julia Alvarez novelist, poet & essayist Brooklyn Academy of Music presenter Joan Harris arts patron Bill T. Jones dancer & choreographer John Kander musical theater composer Jeffrey Katzenberg director and CEO of DreamWorks Maxine Hong Kingston writer Albert Maysles documentary filmmaker Linda Ronstadt musician Billie Tsien & Tod Williams architects James Turrell visual artist 2014 John Baldessari visual artist Ping Chong theater director, choreographer, and video and installation artist Míriam Colón actress The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation supporting creative expression across the country Sally Field actress and filmmaker Ann Hamilton visual artist Stephen King author Meredith Monk composer, singer, and performer George Shirley tenor University Musical Society presenting the performing arts to communities in Michigan Tobias Wolff author and educator 2015 Mel Brooks actor, comedian, writer Sandra Cisneros author Eugene O'Neill Theater Center theater Morgan Freeman actor Philip Glass composer Berry Gordy record producer, songwriter Santiago Jiménez, Jr. musician Moises Kaufman theater Ralph Lemon dance Audra McDonald actor Luis Valdez playwright, actor, director Jack Whitten painter 2016–In 1989, composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein refused his award, allegedly due to how a federal grant to an art show on AIDS had been revoked.[10]
In 1992, composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim refused his award, claiming that the NEA had "become a victim of its own and others' political infighting and is rapidly being transformed into a conduit and a symbol of censorship and repression rather than encouragement and support".[11]
In 1997, poet Adrienne Rich refused her award as a protest against "inconsistencies" between art and "the cynical politics" of the Clinton administration.[12]
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