The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:[2]
The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.[4]
The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
Date Conflict State Peasants Result Image Ref. 209–206 BC Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising) Qin dynasty Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang Qin dissolution [5] 205–186 BC Great revolt of the Egyptians Ptolemaic Kingdom Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis Suppression of the rebellion [6] 17–25 Lülin Xin dynasty Lülin rebels Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces 17–27 Red Eyebrows Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows rebels Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu 172–173 Bucolic War Roman Empire Egyptian peasants under Isidorus Suppression of the rebellion [7] 184–205 Yellow Turban Rebellion Han dynasty Yellow Turban rebels Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened [8] 185–205 Heishan bandit movement Han dynasty Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains Gongsun Zan's forces Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened 3rd–5th century Bagaudae Roman Empire Bagaudae Suebi Gain control of some territory; end with the general collapse of the Roman Empire 4th–late 5th century Circumcellions Roman Empire (until 435) Catholic Church (until 435) Vandal Kingdom (since 435) African landlords Berber and Roman peasants Donatist authorities Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398) End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities [9] 611–619 Anti-Sui rebellions Sui dynasty Peasants under several rebel leaders Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces 841–843 Stellinga Uprising Saxon nobility Frankish military under Louis the German Stellinga Suppression of the rebellion 859–860 Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [10] 874–878 Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [11] 875–884 Rebellion of Huang Chao Tang dynasty Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened [12] 928–932 Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions Byzantine Empire Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand Suppression of the rebellion [13] 993–995 Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan Song dynasty Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun Suppression of the rebellion [14] 996 Peasants' revolt in Normandy Normandy under Rodulf of Ivry and Richard II, Duke of Normandy Norman peasants Suppression of the rebellion [15] 1277–1280 Uprising of Ivaylo Bulgarian nobility Byzantine Empire Golden Horde Peasants under Ivaylo Murder of Ivaylo [16] 1323–1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders Kingdom of France Flemish peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1343–1345 St. George's Night Uprising Livonian Order Kingdom of Denmark Estonian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [17] 1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellion Yuan dynasty Goryeo Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces 1358 Jacquerie Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1381 Peasants' Revolt Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion, though Plantagenet dynasty is weakened 1382 Harelle Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of the rebellion [18] 1428 Shocho uprising Ashikaga shogunate Japanese peasants Peasant debts cancelled. 1437 Transylvanian peasant revolt Kingdom of Hungary Transylvanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1438 Hallvard Graatops Revolt Kalmar Union Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1441 Kakitsu uprising Ashikaga shogunate Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and jizamurai Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened. [19] 1441 Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions Kalmar Union Danish peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1450 Jack Cade's rebellion Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion, though Lancaster dynasty is weakened and eventually overthrown during the Wars of the Roses. [20] 1450–1451 John and William Merfold's Uprising Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion [21] 1453–1454 Morea revolt of 1453–54 Despotate of the Morea Ottoman Empire Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos Albanians under Peter Bua Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria Suppression of the rebellion [22] 1462–1472, 1485–1486 War of the Remences Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486) Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472) Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed [23] 1467–1469 Galician Irmandiños Revolt Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castile) Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility Suppression of the rebellion by feudal armies [24] May 1476 Niklashausen Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire German peasants led by Hans Böhm, who had a vision of the Virgin Mary, against the nobility and clergy of the Holy Roman Empire. Böhm executed and pilgrimages to Niklashausen ceased [25] 1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire Carinthian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [26] 1482–1511 Yamashiro ikki uprisings Ashikaga shogunateOrthodox Moldavian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion 1493–1517 Bundschuh movement Holy Roman Empire German Peasants All rebellions suppressed 1498–1878 Opryshky movement Kingdom of Poland Austrian Empire Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasantsHutsul peasants
Suppression of the movement 1511 Friulian Revolt Republic of Venice Friulian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1514 Poor Conrad Rebellion Duchy of Württemberg Württemberg peasants Suppression of the rebellion [30] 1514 György Dózsa Rebellion Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [31] 1515 Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1515 Holy Roman Empire Slovene peasants Suppression of the rebellion [32] 1515–1523 Frisian peasant rebellion Habsburg Netherlands Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders Suppression of the rebellion 1516–1521 Trần Cảo Rebellion Lê dynasty Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened [33] 1519–1659 Celali rebellions Ottoman Caliphate Turkmen peasants Suppression of the rebellion [34] 1524–1525 German Peasants' War Swabian League German peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1524–1533 Dalecarlian Rebellions Sweden Dalarna peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1525 Palatine Peasants' War Electoral Palatinate Palatine peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1534 Skipper Clement's Rebellion Christian III Kingdom of Denmark Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement Christian II Suppression of the rebellion 1540 Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1542–1543 Dacke War Sweden Småland peasants Suppression of the rebellion [35] 1549 Kett's Rebellion Kingdom of England English peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1573 Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt Holy Roman Empire Slovene peasants Croatian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [36] 1594–1637 Croquant rebellions Kingdom of France French peasants Suppression of all rebellions 1596–1597 Cudgel War Sweden Finnish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [37] 1606–1607 Bolotnikov Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1626–1636 Peasants' War in Upper Austria Electorate of Bavaria Austrian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [38] 1630–1633 Peasant rprising in Podhale Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [39] 1630–1645 Rebellion of Li Zicheng Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645) Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty 1630–1647 Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647) Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty [40] 1635 Second Slovene peasants' revolt Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders Suppression of the rebellion 1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire Christian peasants and rōnin Suppression of the rebellion [41] 1639 Revolt of the va-nu-pieds Kingdom of France Normandy peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1640 Corpus de Sang Principality of Catalonia Catalan harvesters Revolt successful. Start of the Reapers' War; eventual defeat of Catalonia 1651 Kostka-Napierski Uprising Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [42] 1652 Guo Huaiyi Rebellion Dutch East India Company Aboriginal Taiwanese Chinese peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1653 Swiss peasant war of 1653 Republic of the Swiss Swiss peasants Suppression of the rebellion [43] 1664-1665 Varenytsia Uprising Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Ukrainian peasantsKalnyk Cossack regiment under Vasyl Varenytsia and Ivan Sulymka Zaporozhian Cossacks under Ivan Sirko
Suppression of the rebellion [44] 1667–1671 Stepan Razin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants Don Cossacks Suppression of the rebellion [45] 1669–1670 Peasant rebellion in Podhale Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [46] 1704 Kuridža's Rebellion Republic of Venice Orthodox peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1705–1706 Bavarian People's Uprising Habsburg Monarchy Bavarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1707–1708 Bulavin Rebellion Tsardom of Russia Russian peasants Don Cossacks Suppression of the rebellion 1713 Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin Holy Roman Empire Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič Suppression of the rebellion 1730–1769 Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms Trịnh lords Nguyễn lords Vietnamese peasants Lê dynasty Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt 1743 Dalecarlian rebellion Sweden Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1765 Strilekrigen Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1767-1770 Klishchyn Uprising Russian Empire Ukrainian peasantsZhovnynsk Cossacks
Suppression of the rebellion [47] 1768–1769 Koliivshchyna Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire Haidamaka movementOrthodox Ukrainian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion 1769–1788 Tây Sơn Revolt Nguyễn lords (until 1776)Ukrainian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion, self government abolished [51] 1790 Saxon Peasants' Revolt Saxony Saxon peasants Suppression of the rebellion [52] 1791–1794 Whisky Rebellion United States American farmers Suppression of the rebellion, whiskey tax is repealed shortly after 1793–1796 War in the Vendée French Republic Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés Great Britain Suppression of the rebellion 1793–1804 Chouannerie French Republic Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés Great Britain Suppression of the rebellion 1794 Kościuszko Uprising Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Polish loyalists Polish nationalist nobility Polish peasants Polish Jacobins Suppression of the rebellion [53] 1794–1804 White Lotus Rebellion Qing Dynasty White Lotus rebels Suppression of the rebellion 1798 Peasants' War French Republic Low countries peasants Suppression of the rebellion [54] 1800–1802 Lærdal Rebellion Denmark–Norway Norwegian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [55] 1803 Cherkasy Uprising of 1803 Russian Empire Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [56] 1807–1820 Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1809 Tyrolean Rebellion French Empire Bavaria Saxony Napoleonic Italy Tyrolean peasants Austria Suppression of the rebellion 1809 Gottscheer Rebellion First French Empire Gottschee German peasants Slovene peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1811 Klågerup riots Sweden Swedish peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1813-1835 Karmaliuk uprisings Russian Empire Ukrainian peasantsPolish peasants Jewish peasants
Suppression of the rebellion [57] 1819 Chuguev uprising Russian Empire military settlers of the Chuguev RegimentUkrainian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion [58] 1826–1854 Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia Russian Empire Russian peasants About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. 1826 Ohramievchi uprising Russian Empire Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [60] 1832–1835 Cabanada Empire of Brazil Restorationist peasants Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I 1834–1835 Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) Egypt Eyalet Arab peasants Suppression of the rebellion [61] 1835–1840 Cabanagem Empire of Brazil Indigenous, mestizo and black peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1838–1841 Balaiada Empire of Brazil Peasants and African slaves Suppression of the rebellion 1839–1845 Anti-Rent War United States New York (state) Upstate tenant farmers initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted. 1844 Piquet uprising Republic of Haiti Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved 1846 Acaau's second rebellion Republic of Haiti Haitian peasants under Acaau Suppression of the rebellion 1846 Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 Austrian Empire Galician peasants De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was both sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. [64] 1847-1915 Caste War of Yucatán MexicoUkrainian peasants
Suppression of the rebellion [66] 1856 "To Tavria for freedom" movement Russian Empire Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [66] 1851–1868 Nian Rebellion Qing Dynasty Nian militias Suppression of the rebellion 1858 Mahtra War Russian Empire Estonian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [67] 1861 Bezdna unrest Russian Empire Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1862 Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 Joseon Dynasty Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1869 Tambun Rebellion Dutch East Indies Farmer of Tambun Suppression of the rebellion [69] 1884 Chichibu Incident Japan Japanese peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1886 Peasant rebellion in Ciomas Dutch East Indies Farmer of Ciomas Suppression of the rebellion [70] 1888 Peasant Revolt in Banten Dutch East Indies Bantenese peasants and ulamas Suppression of the rebellion [71] 1892 Jerez uprising Spain Regional fieldworkers Suppression of the rebellion [72] 1894–1895 Donghak Peasant Revolution Japan Joseon Dynasty Korean peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1896–1897 War of Canudos First Brazilian Republic Canudos inhabitants Suppression of the rebellion 1899–1900 Peasant unrest in Bulgaria Principality of Bulgaria Bulgarian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1905-1906 Sorochyntsi revolt Russian Empire Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [73] 1905–1908 Maji Maji Rebellion German East Africa Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans Suppression of the rebellion [74] 1907 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt Kingdom of Romania Romanian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1910 Kileler uprising Kingdom of Greece Farmers of Thessaly Initial suppression of the rebellion, followed by the arrested declared innocent and some minor measures in favor of the peasants being taken the next year; Actual requests of the peasants began being fulfilled in 1923. [75] 1911 Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan Qing dynasty Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion 1912-1916 Contestado War First Brazilian Republic Farmers and lumberjacks Suppression of the rebellion 1913 Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped [78] 1914 Peasant Revolt in Albania Principality of Albania Catholic Militia Muslim peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1916 Urkun Russian Empire Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants Suppression of the rebellion [79] 1917–1921 Makhnovshchina South RussiaUkrainian directorate supporters
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
Abdication of Hetman SkoropadskyjRestoration of the Ukrainian People's Republic Preliminary peace agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
[80] 1919 Chapan rebellion Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1919 Khotyn uprising Kingdom of Romania Ukrainian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1919–1922 Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Yellow Way Society Suppression of the rebellion 1920 Pitchfork uprising Soviet Russia "Black Eagle" peasant rebels Suppression of the rebellion 1920 Croatian Peasant Rebellion Yugoslavia Croatian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1920–1922 Tambov Rebellion Soviet Russia Russian peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1920–1926 Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei Republic of China Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists 1921 Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino Soviet Russia Russian peasants and White Army veterans Suppression of the rebellion 1921 Malabar rebellion India Indian peasants Suppression of the rebellion [85] 1924 Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) Republic of China Wang's followers Suppression of the rebellion 1924 Tatarbunary uprising Kingdom of Romania Ukrainian peasantsUkrainian bolsheviks
Suppression of the rebellion 1925 Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) Republic of China Heavenly Gate Society Suppression of the rebellion 1927 Autumn Harvest Uprising Republic of China Hunan Soviet Suppression of the rebellion 1928–1929 Red Spears' uprising in Shandong Republic of China Red Spear Society Suppression of the rebellion 1928-1940 Revolts against soviet collectivisation Soviet Union Soviet peasants Suppression of the revolts 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre El Salvador Salvadoran peasants Suppression of the rebellion 1932 Lesko uprising Poland Polish peasants Suppression of the rebellion [88] 1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan Suppression of the rebellion [89] 1932 Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County Republic of China Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin Goal of the rebellion achieved [90] 1936 Miyun District rebellion East Hebei Autonomous CouncilRetroSearch is an open source project built by @garambo | Open a GitHub Issue
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