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Juilliard v. Greenman - Wikipedia

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1884 United States Supreme Court case

Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421 (1884), was a Supreme Court of the United States case in which issuance of greenbacks as legal tender in peacetime was challenged. The Legal Tender Acts of 1862 and 1863 were upheld.

Augustus D. Juilliard sold and delivered 100 bales of cotton to Thomas S. Greenman[1] for $5,122.90. Greenman tendered $5,100 in United States legal tender notes and the rest in coin, but Juilliard would not accept the U.S. notes. The tendered notes were originally issued under an act of Congress passed on February 25, 1862, and March 3, 1863, during the Civil War. An act of May 31, 1878 provided to "forbid the further retirement of United States legal tender notes."

In an 8–1 decision resting largely on prior court cases, particularly the jointly-decided cases Knox v. Lee (1871) and Parker v. Davis (1871),[2] the power "of making the notes of the United States a legal tender in payment of private debts" was interpreted as "included in the power to borrow money and to provide a national currency".

Dissenting opinion[edit]

Justice Field dissented, challenging the court's interpretation of the terms to "borrow" and to "coin" money.

He explained that the term to borrow money was well settled in other instruments, such as municipal and corporate bonds and private contracts. He contended that allowing the government to make their notes legal tender would interfere with third-party contractual obligations, as third parties would be compelled by law to accept notes instead of coin. He argued that a private corporate bond could not require an amusement park to accept the bond in exchange for entry. To find that the term to borrow money as written in the Constitution, according to him, would allow interference in third-party contracts and improve the value of the note, but it would deviate from the meaning of the term "to borrow money".

He asserted that the meaning of the terms "to coin money" was certain: "It is to mould metallic substances into forms convenient for circulation and to stamp them with the impress of the government." He argued that in the clause authorizing Congress "to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States," a distinction was clearly made between debt and coin.

He also cited many quotes by the founders against paper money, including the following by James Madison: "The pretext for paper currency, and particularly for making the bills a tender either for public or private debts, was cut off."

Finally, Justice Field wrote "For nearly three-quarters of a century after the adoption of the Constitution, and until the legislation during the recent civil war, no jurist and no statesman of any position in the country ever pretended that a power to impart the quality of legal tender to its notes was vested in the general government. There is no recorded word of even one in favor of its possessing the power. All conceded, as an axiom of constitutional law, that the power did not exist."

U.S. Supreme Court Article I

case law

Enumeration Clause

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Section II Qualifications Clauses of Sections II

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III Elections Clause

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Section IV Speech or Debate Clause

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Section VI Origination Clause

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Section VII Presentment Clause

of Section VII

Taxing and Spending Clause

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Section VIII Commerce Clause

of Section VIII

Dormant Commerce Clause Others Coinage Clause

of Section VIII

Legal Tender Cases Copyright Clause

of Section VIII

Copyright Act of 1790 Patent Act of 1793 Patent infringement case law Patentability case law Copyright Act of 1831 Copyright Act of 1870 Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 International Copyright Act of 1891 Copyright Act of 1909 Patent misuse case law Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Lanham Act Copyright Act of 1976 Other copyright cases Other patent cases Other trademark cases Necessary and Proper Clause

of Section VIII

Habeas corpus Suspension Clause

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Section IX No Bills of Attainder or Ex post facto Laws Clause

of Section IX

Contract Clause

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Section X Legal Tender Cases Others Import-Export Clause

of Section X

Compact Clause

of Section X

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